Page 609 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

574 SECTION | VII Herbicides and Fungicides

VetBooks.ir TABLE 45.1 Select Fungicides That Cause Developmental Toxicity in Experimental Animals

Chemicals
Malformations
Ammonium salts, manganese and zinc Multiple defects (rats)
Benomyl Skeletal malformations, increased mortality (rats), multiple anomalies (mice), small renal
papillae but no malformations (rabbits)
Bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide Cleft palate and developmental toxicity (rats, mice)
Bitertanol Tail, palate, jaw, eye defects (rat)
Captafol, folpet CNS, rib, tail and limb defects (hamsters); no teratogenic effects in other four species
Captan Multiple defects, CNS and rib (rabbits, hamsters)
Carbendazim Limb malformations, postnatal behavior alterations, postural reflex, open field behavior (rat)
Conazoles Variable multiple defects c
Cycloheximide a Skeletal defects, dactyly, hydrocephaly or other developmental defects
Dinocap b Multiple malformations, hyprocephaly (rabbit)/experimental teratogen
EBDCs (maneb and zineb metabolites, Multiple malformations and embryo fetotoxic effects
monosulfide and ETU)
Fenpropimorph Developmental toxicity and malformations
Ferbam Soft tissue and skeletal (rats)
Flusilazole Multiple malformations
Hexachlorobenzene Variety of defects, renal and palate (hamsters, mice), rib variation and reduced weight (rats)
Mancozeb Variety of defects
Methylmercury Multiple malformations and embryotoxic
Polycarbacin Embryotoxic, malformations
Probineb Multiple malformations
Propioconazole Developmental toxicant
Thiram Multiple malformations
Triadimenol Developmental toxicity
Triadimefon Scapula malformations (rabbits)
Tridemorph Cleft palate, other malformations and developmental toxicity (rats, mice)

EBDCs, ethylenebisdithiocarbamates; ETU, ethylenethiourea.
a
Obsolete.
b
Withdrawn by manufacturer.
c
Variable: results need further study; from Gupta (2011).

periods of high ambient temperature. In general, the use of congestion of the stomach and intestine, hemorrhagic effu-
sulfur does not present a toxicological problem. Only sions and petechiae along the GI tract and occasionally on
micronized sulfur is responsible for sulfur poisoning. the surface of the bladder have been observed (Jensen
Lethal doses are as follows: cattle, 100 1000 mg/kg body et al., 1956; Low et al., 1996; Gammon et al., 2010).
weight (BW); sheep, 1000 1500 mg/kg BW; and horses, Negative effects in humans, especially on the skin, eyes
1000 1500 mg/kg BW. The most affected animals are cat- and respiratory tract, have been reported (Gammon et al.,
tle, sheep, goats, and dogs. In ruminants, excessive sulfur 2010). Currently, its use has declined due to the availabil-
ingestion may lead to polioencephalomalacia, which is also ity of organic fungicides. Another fungicide, barium poly-
called cerebrocortical necrosis. It involves softening of sulfide, after reaction with gastric acid yields barium
gray matter of the brain. Sulfur poisoning may lead to GI chloride, which is a super purgative (Lorgue et al., 1996;
tract, neurological and pulmonary effects. On postmortem, Ballantyne, 2003; Sandhu and Brar, 2009).