Page 164 - Mike Ratner CC - WISR Complete Dissertation - v6

descriptions of a very similar group property. For example, Emile Durkheim described two forms

of solidarity (mechanical and organic), which created a sense of collective conscious and an

emotion-based sense of community. (Driedger, 1996)

Black Sheep Effect

Beliefs within the ingroup are based on how individuals in the group see their other

members. Individuals tend to upgrade likeable in-group members and deviate from unlikeable

group members, making them a separate outgroup. This is called the black sheep effect. (Marques,

Yzerbit, & Leyens, 1988) The way a person judges socially desirable and socially undesirable

individuals depends upon whether they are part of the ingroup or outgroup.

This phenomenon has been later accounted for by subjective group dynamics theory.

(Marques, Abrams, Paez, 1998) According to this theory, people derogate socially undesirable

(deviant) ingroup members relative to outgroup members, because they give a bad image of the

ingroup and jeopardize people's social identity. In more recent studies, Marques and colleagues

(Pinto, Marques, & Abrams, 2016) have shown that this occurs more strongly with regard to

ingroup full members than other members. Whereas new members of a group must prove

themselves to the full members to become accepted, full members have undergone socialization

and are already accepted within the group. They have more privilege than newcomers and more

responsibility to help the group achieve its goals. Marginal members were once full members but

lost membership because they failed to live up to the group’s expectations. They can rejoin the

group if they go through re-socialization. Therefore, full members' behavior is paramount to define

the ingroup's image.

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