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d. Principles of the Intercultural Approaches
Liddicoat et al. (2011: 840) propose a set of principles that give a crucial

point to developing interculture-based language teaching and learning. Those
principles of intercultural approach showed possibilities to be implemented

flexibly because the principles of intercultural approach constitute principles of

teaching and learning in which an intercultural pedagogy exists. Liddicoat et al.
(2011: 841-842) show that the principles of intercultural approach are as follow.

1) Active construction: Learning is understood as involving purposeful, active
engagement in interpreting and creating meaning in interaction with others,

and continuously reflecting on one‘s self and others in communication and
meaning-making in variable context.

2) Making connections: Connection is made between existing conception and

new understandings and between previous experiences and new experiences.
Previous knowledge is challenged and this creates new insights through

which students connect, re-organize, elaborate, and extend their

understanding.
3) Interaction: Learning and communication are social and interactive;

interacting and communicating interculturally means continuously developing
one‘s own understanding of the relationship between one‘s own framework of

language and culture and that of others.
4) Reflection: Learning involves becoming aware of how individuals think,

know and learn about language, culture, knowing, understanding and the

relationship between these, as well as concepts such as diversity, identity,
experience, and one‘s own intercultural thoughts and feelings.

5) Responsibility: Learning depends on learners‘ attitudes, dispositions and
values, developed over time.

Liddicoat et al. (2003: 24) said that teaching culture is a dynamic set of
practices. As a dynamic set of practices, intercultural approaches to language

teaching have established four main activities as a core set of principles for

language and culture acquisition. Those activities consist of; (1) acquisition about
cultures; (2) comparing cultures; (3) exploring cultures; and (4) finding one‘s own

‗third place‘ between cultures. These principles of intercultural approaches are

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