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‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪4‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ؟‪7 ................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻮع اﻟﺤﻴﻮي واﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪104 ....‬‬
‫‪ 4-1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ‪106 ...........................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪1‬‬
‫‪ 4-2‬ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ‪112 .............‬‬
‫‪ 4-3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ‪119 ...........‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎدئ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪10............................‬‬
‫ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ ‪127 ................‬‬ ‫‪ 1-1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪12.......‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪128 ...................................‬‬ ‫‪ 1-2‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ‪22...............‬‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪129 ...........................‬‬ ‫‪ 1-3‬ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ‪28...............................‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪130 ..................................‬‬ ‫ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ؟ ‪33.......‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪34.....................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪5‬‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪35.............................‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪36....................................‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺤﻴﻮان ‪136 ...............................‬‬
‫‪ 5-1‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪138 .....................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪2‬‬
‫‪ 5-2‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ‪146 ........................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺔ ‪154 ...............‬‬ ‫وا ﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪42...............................‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪155 ...................................‬‬ ‫‪ 2-1‬ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪44...............‬‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪156 ...........................‬‬ ‫‪ 2-2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ‪49.....................‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪157 ..................................‬‬ ‫‪ 2-3‬ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪58.......................‬‬
‫ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ ‪67........‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪68.....................................‬‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪69.............................‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ‪163 .................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪70....................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪3‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪76.............‬‬
‫‪ 3-1‬ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ‪78.................‬‬
‫‪ 3-2‬ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ( ‪88................‬‬
‫ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻲ ‪94...................‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪95.....................................‬‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪96.............................‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪97....................................‬‬

‫ﻣﺩﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪6‬‬
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