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uncovering of the nature of the essence   by the reigning king, as the judge who   who resided in Demak. He was accused   result they were sentenced to death by
 (alam hakikat) for what was known to   pronounces Haji Ahmad Mutamakin’s   of being an infidel and murdered   being drowned in the sea.
 him as mukashafa, the catur warna (four   mystical notions as perversely heterodox   because his notions were seen as   In short, the history and the dynamics
 colors: black, red, yellow, and white),   and contravening the Shari’a.  The Serat   misleading the Islamic Shari’a. The   of mystical thinking of the archipelago
 57
 an eight-colored flare, and an ivory doll.   Cabolek differs clearly from stories of all   story of Sunan Panggung is also told   produced literary works that enriched
 Then, Dewa Ruci explained the things   the other cases of religious out casts, as   in the Serat Kanda, which explicates   the Muslim intellectual tradition. The
 Werkudara witnessed as being the notions   Shaykh Siti Jenar, Sunan Panggung, Ki   that he had deeply fallen in love with   following parts will specifically deal
 of the knowledge of profound reality   Bebeluk, and Shaykh Among Raga, as   God. Sunan Panggung essentially saw
 (ilmu hakikat), including the ontological   they allended with their executions.  nothing around but God. Besides, it is   with the history and the development of
 connection between God and man. 56  also told that he used to take his two   Islamic thinking in the field of hadith.
 Shaykh Siti Jenar was put on trial by   dogs -named “iman” and “tawhid”- with
 In the Book of Cabolek, Haji Ahmad   the Wali Songo, as he was accused of   him when he went to the mosque. It was   Thoughts of the Indonesian
 Mutamakin’s mystical notions were   disseminating the heterodox notions   presumably because of his heretical   Ulama in the Field of Hadith
 accused of being perversely heterodox   of existential monism. For Shaykh Siti   mystical notions and his perceived   We have seen above that Aceh bequeat
 but it did not end in the death penalty   Jenar, who, according to Javanese   insulting behavior that the orthodox   hed the first round of intellectual works in
 although Ketib Anom Kudus had certainly   tradition lived during the reign of the Giri   ‘ulama accused him of rescinding the   the fields of Sufism, Qur’anic commentary,
 proposed capital punishment to the King   Sultanate, there is no reality in this world   Shari’a which would certainly endanger   and Islamic law. Hadith was not among
 of Kartasura, Paku Buwana II. In this   other than God. Thus, it is narrated that   religious life among Muslim society.   the pioneering works because of the
 case, the king granted amnesty under   when one of the Wali Songo, viz. Sunan   The tales of religious outcast against   restricted availability of primary sources
 the clear stipulations that Haji Ahmad   Giri asked him why he did not attend   Shaykh Siti Jenar and Sunan Panggung   and thus it was almost forgotten. Very
 Mutamakin was no longer permitted   Friday prayers, Shaykh Siti Jenar replied   might also belong to similar motives.   few experts on Indonesian Islam paid
 to spread his mystical notions to any   that there was essentially no Friday,   The only difference between the two   special attention to the study of Hadith
 Muslim layman. It seems that, because   essentially no mosque, and nothing else   is that Shaykh Siti Jenar’s life ended   in Indonesia, nor did they trace how far
 he was a royal poet, the author of   but the existence of God the Real. In   because he was be headed, where as
 Serat Cabolek, Yasadipura I, wanted to   Islamic tradition, Shaykh Siti Jenar is the   Sunan Panggung was thrown into the   back the tradition of writing books on
 underscore the king’s benevolence in   “Javanese al-Hallaj”. The Wali Songo,   fire together with his two dogs.  Hadith developed in the archipelago.
                                                 Nevertheless, most Muslims believe that
 granting amnesty to a convicted person.   representing the orthodox ‘ulama,
 The Serat Cabolek clearly also points to   sentenced him to death because of his   Other tales of religious out casts in   the Hadith is the second most important
 the superiority of the orthodox Islamic   mystical tenets.  Java concern those of Ki Bebeluk in   source after the Qur’an. Therefore, within
 notions by presenting Ketib Anom   A similar religious outcast was Sunan   the Sultanate of Pajang and Shaykh   the general tradition of Islamic studies,
 Kudus, as the hero and, fully supported   Panggung. The Serat Cabolek narrates   Among Raga in the Mataram Kingdom.   books on hadith arranged them in various
                                                 groups depending on the reliability of the
          Both were accused of embracing and
 56.  Hamid Nasuhi, Serat Dewaruci: Tasawuf Jawa   that Sunan Panggung was an aristocrat
 Yasadipura I (Jakarta: Ushul Press, 2009), pp.   disseminating mystical notions that   narratives such as the Sahih byal-Bukhari
 180-181.   57. Soebardi, The Book of Cabolek…, p. 41.  digressed from the Shari’a and as a   (d. 870), the Sahih by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj


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