Page 11 - Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues

h. Gluconeogenesis.

Gluconeogenesis refers to the making of glucose from a
nonglucose source. The nonglucose source is usually protein. Thus
protein is converted to glucose.

3. Lipids

a. Triglyceride and a phospholipid.
A triglyceride is formed from one glycerol attached to three fatty
acid molecules. A phospholipid is formed from one glycerol
attached to two fatty acids and one phosphate-containing
molecule.

b. The building blocks of lipids

Lipids are formed from fatty acids and glycerol.
c. Good news and bad news about cholesterol
Bad news: Cholesterol can form fatty plaques that block arteries
(to the heart and brain). Good news: Cholesterol is used to form
cell membranes, some vitamins, and steroids.
d. The three uses of lipids

Lipids are used as fuel, in the structural formation of cell
membranes and myelin sheath, and in the synthesis of vitamins
and steroid hormones.

4. Proteins
a. The building blocks of proteins
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.

b. Differentiate between essential and nonessential amino acids.
Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the liver; they
must be included in the diet. Nonessential amino acids can be
synthesized by the liver.
c. NH 2 is the amine group while the COOH group is the acid group.

d. Peptide bond
A peptide bond is formed when the amine group of one amino
acid bonds with the COOH group of a second amino acid.
e. The three uses of proteins

The most important use of protein is in the synthesis of enzymes,
antibodies, structural protein, and plasma proteins. Protein can
also be used as a fuel and in the process of gluconeogenesis
(conversion to glucose).