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c. The Recommendation

The recommendation is the researcher(s)’s suggestion based on the
research’s finding. It often uses modal such as can, may, or should.

Presented below is an example of a conclusion from a journal article

adapted from Herrmann (2013) along with its elements.
The Title:
The Impact of Cooperative Learning on Student Engagement: Results
from an Intervention
The Conclusion:
No. The Elements of the Conclusion

1. The Findings:

Implementing cooperative learning can boost the interactivity of the
students, but the effect of its structure to the students’ engagement does
not necessarily resonated. Thus, the students’ intention and motivation

have to be included in the consideration of designing learning activities

since the students may still do the activities although they have lost their
enthusiasm.

2. The Limitation:
Some limitations are considered in interpreting the results.

Methodologically, the pre–post design is often considered a weaker design
than, for example, the control group design (Shadish et al., 2002). It

means that a comprehensive and measured activity is important to be
included in the pre–post design. Second, the length of the treatment and

sequencing might influence results. In a department with a tradition for
student presentations, 5 weeks of treatment might not be enough to

initiate change. Third, comparing two instructional methods that can both
be considered student-centered is obviously a hard case. On the contrary,

comparing cooperative learning tutorials to, for example, lectures, and
finding that students participated more in discussion and adopted a deeper

learning approach would neither be surprising nor interesting.
3. The Recommendation:

Cooperative learning groups can offer potentially valuable learning
opportunities, but teachers need to be aware that simply adopting one of

the cooperative learning structures does not necessarily promote deep

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