Page 159 - Su'udi Relations with Eastern Arabi & Uman (1800-1870)

172 H. al-Baharina, The Legal Status of the Arabian Gulf State (Manchcsicr: Manchester
University Press, 1968), p. 5.
173 The British government had endeavoured to establish relations with ‘Uman as early as 1785.
The first treaty was signed with Sultan b. Ahmad of Masqat in October 1798. For the text of the
treaty, sec C. U. Aitchison, A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads (Delhi: Manager
Publications, Government of India, 1933; reprinted Neudeln, Liechtenstein: Krauss Reprint.
1973), vol. XI, p.269.
174 Al-Baharina, The Legal Status, p. 6; R. Kumar, India and the Persian Gulf Region (Bombay:
Asian Publishing House, 1965), p. 11.
175 See Ibn Ghannam, Rawdat al-Afkar, vol. 1, p. 153.
176 Lam‘ al-Shihab, p. 83, alludes to the complaint sent to Su‘ud by the inhabitants of al-Bahrayn
regarding the misrule of the A1 Khalifah which prompted Su‘ud to bring that region under strict
control in 1809.
177 S. B. Miles, The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf, p. 294; W. G. Palgrave, Narrative ofa
Year's Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia (1862-1863), vol. 2, p. 147.
178 On the cooperation between the merchants of al-Zubarah and their chiefs with ‘All Pasha, see
Ibn Sanad, Saba’ik al-Asjad, folio 37.
179 A. Abu Hakima, History of Eastern Arabia, p. 154.
180 On the Su‘udi administration, see Burckhardt, Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys, vol. 2, pp.
119-120; Brydges, An Account of His Majesty’s Mission, vol. 2, pp. 115-135; Lorimer, Gazetteer,
vol. l,pp. 1064-1066.
181 Carsten Niebuhr, Description de I’Arabie, vol. 2, p. 202; Lam‘ al-Shihab, p. 169.
182 R. B. Winder, Sa’udi Arabia in the Nineteenth Century (London: Macmillan, 1965), p. 30.
183 Muhammad Bahjat Sinan, Ta’rikh Qatar (Baghdad: Matba‘at al-Ma‘arif, 1966), pp. 56,62.
184 Handbook of Arabia, vol. 1, p. 331.
185 Kelly, Britain, p. 29.
186 Ibn Sanad, Saba’ik al-Asjad, folio 18.
187 Jamal Qasim, Dirasat Ta’rikh al-Imarat al-Arabiyah, 2nd ed., (Kuwayt: Dar al-Buhuth
al-TImlyah, 1974), p. 40; Sayf al-Shamlan, Min Ta’rikh al-Kuwayt (Cairo: n.p., 1959), p. 117.
188 Yusuf al-Falakl, Qadiyat al-Bahrayn (Cairo: n.p., 1953), p. 12.
189 Sinan, Ta’rikh Qatar (Baghdad: al-Ma‘arif, 1966), p. 62.
190 Al-NabhanI, al-Tuhfah al-Nabhaniyah, p. 121.
191 Ibid.
192 Abu Hakima, Muhadarat fi Ta’nkh Sharqi al-Jazirah, p. 84, states rightly that A1 MusaUam
had not carried out provocative actions against al-Zubarah until twenty years later, when they
joined the Su‘udls.
193 Warden, “Historical Sketch of the Uttoobee Tribe”, Bombay Selections, XXIV, p. 363.
194 Ibid.
195 See Abu Hakima, Muhadarat, p. 88.
196 Warden, “Historical Sketch”, p. 363.
197 Ibid.
198 Ibid.
199 See Lorimer, Gazetteer, vol. 1, p. 782.
200 Kelly, Britain, p. 26.
201 Ibid.
202 Lorimer, Gazetteer, vol. 1, p. 789.
203 Abu Hakima, History of Eastern Arabia, p. 111.
204 Al-NabhanI, al-Tuhfah al-Nabhaniyah, p. 125.
205 Warden, “Historical Sketch”, p. 365.
206 Zayd and other individuals of Banu Khalid were with the Su‘udl troops for this event. Sec Ibn
Bishr, ‘Unwdn al-Majd, pp. 103-4.
207 Philby, Saudi Ara&j’a, p. 82.
208 The raids took place in 1202/1787 and in 1206/1791. See Ibn Ghannam, Rausjatal-Ajrar, vol.
2, p. 136, and Ibn Bishr, ‘Unwdn al-Majd, vol. 1, p. 101.
209 Abu Hakima, History of Eastern Arabia, p. 154.
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