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2. The total lack of provision by Britain of medical facilities was striking. The Arab-Amcrican writer,
Amccn Kihani, who visited Bahrain in 1925 commented as follows: “I was surprised and shocked to
see how little England has done or is doing in this direction... This discrimination against the Oriental
is mainly responsible for England's, for Europe’s loss of prestige in the East”. Amccn Kiliani, A round
the Coasts ofArabia, London, 1930. Reprinted by Caravan Books, N.Y. ..1983, p.262.
3. In the words of Samuel Zwemer, who had been in the Gulfsince 1890, there was” no land in the world
and no people (with the exception of Palestine and the Jews) who bear such close relation to the
Theocratic covenants and Old Testament promises as Arabia and the Arabs”. S.W. Zwemer, Cradle
of Islam, p.398.
4. Dr. Paul Harrison received a salary of 50 rupees a month from 1910 to 1945 for his services as medical
attendant to the Bahrain Political Agency. Whether these services included medical attention to the
successive Agents or only to their local staff is not known. India Office Library and Records, London
(henceforth, IOR) R/15/2/1494. Minute of 14 June 1945. Unpublished Crown Copyright material in
the India Office Library and Records and in the Public Record Office transcribed here appear by
permission of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
5. (IOR) L/P&S/l0/850 : P. 5040/20, Political Agent, Bahrain, to Civil Commissioner, Baghdad, 27
May 1919.
6. Bruce R. Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East, Princeton, 1980, p.178.
7. Ibid. He also viewed with disfavour the American exclusion of British oil exploration in the USA and
the Caribbean.
8. For the details of this schedule ofconditions, sec (IOR), L/P & S/18: B.430: Oil Concession Signed by
the Shaikh of Bahrein in favour of the Eastern and General Syndicate on the 2nd December 1925,
p.7.
9. Public Record Office (henceforth, PRO), Cabinet Conclusions, CAB 23/71, 20(32)6,6 April 1932.
10. (PRO) CAB 23/71, 21(32)2, 13 April 1932. It was not until December 1934 that the Kuwait oil
concession was signed. The concession was shared equally by APOC and GOC.
11. H. St. John B. Philby, Arabian Oil Ventures, Washington DC, 1964, p.126.
12. Stephen H. Longrigg, Oil in the Middle East, Ithaca, NY, 1960, p.107.
13. Aaron David Miller, Search for Security: Saudi Arabian Oil and American Foreign Policy, 1939-
1949, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1980, p.13.
14. London, 1975
15. A.H.T. Chisholm, The First Kuwait Oil Concession Agreement, London, 1975, p.23.
16. Ibid.
17. Philip Woodruff, The Men who Ruled India : The Guardians, London, 1954, p.270.
18. For details of this, see R. Said Zahlan, The Origins ofthe United Arab Emirates, London, 1978,
Chapter 7; and R. Said Zahlan, The Creation ofQatar, London, 1979, Chapter 6.
19. (IOR), UP & S/12/3837: P.Z.4230/39, Political Resident to India Office, 3 July 1939.
20. (IOR), R/15/2/854 : Political Agent, Bahrain, to Political Resident 1 July 1933.
21. Ibid.
22. This was the figure in the 1941 census which was undertaken for food rationing purposes, and was not
therefore totally accurate.
23. (IOR), R/15/1/377: Political Agent, Bahrain, to Political Resident, 21 April 1943.
24. Ibid.
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