Page 99 - Proceeding of Atrans Young Researcher's Forum 2019_Neat

“Transportation for A Better Life:
Smart Mobility for Now and Then”

23 August 2019, Bangkok, Thailand

HCMC, with only 6% of the trips made by public 3.2. GHG Emissions from the Transport Sector
transport, in a form of regular buses. In HCMC, the major problem of air
pollution arises in HCMC from exhaust gas of road
traffic and various factories scattered in residential
areas. Transport sector is one of the main sources of
GHG emissions in HCMC. In 2013, the emissions of
HCMC occupy over 20% of the total emissions in
Vietnam (JICA, 2013). It is equivalent to 30 million
tons of CO2, which is slightly larger than the
emissions of New Zealand, and much larger than
Mongolia, Myanmar, and Cambodia (IFC, 2017).

Source: JICA (2002, 2013), TEDI (2018)
Fig. 1 Mode share in HCMC

In 2017, there were 7.36 million motorcycle
and 640,000 private cars registered in HCMC with
growth rate of 16% per annum (cars) and 8% per
annum (motorcycle). This has brought the car
motorization rate from 60 cars per 1,000 inhabitants
in 2008 (Emberger, 2016) to 76 cars per 1,000
inhabitants in 2017, and from 390 motorcycles per
1,000 inhabitants to 871 motorcycles per 1,000
inhabitants between 2008 and 2017. Another big city
in Southeast Asia, Jakarta, has an ownership rate of
494 motorcycles per 1,000 inhabitants in 2014
(Indonesia Automotive Energy Outlook, 2017)
while the rate in Vietnam is approximately 490
motorcycles per 1,000 inhabitants in 2016 (MOT,
2017). This condition creates major transportation
issues in HCMC such as congested roads, noise and
air pollution, as well as high traffic accidents. Fig. 2 International comparison of the GHG
Compared to motorcycle, bus is very
unattractive. Although the fare level is low (USD Out of the total GHG emisison, 5,006
0.25-0.3), there are many aspects such as speed, ktCO2-eq or 16.68% was from the transport sector. It
operational system, supporting infrastructure, and was about 0.63 tones per capita.
policies of the current bus system, which makes it Within the transport sector, road transport
unreliable and difficult to access. Bus also takes accounts for the largest share of emissions (62.44%
much longer travel time compared to motorcycle. in 2013), followed by waterway (35.77%).
Rapid growth of motorization is still
ongoing, and if such condition is not tackled with Table 1 Estimated GHG emissions by transport
any effort to restrict private vehicle use and improve mode, 2013
public transport, it would lead to loss of city’s Mode of transport ktCO2e %
productivity, and deteriorate the quality of life in Roads 3.126 62.44
HCMC . Additionally, the new ride-hailing App Waterways 1.790 35.77
service such as Grab or Go-Viet make people in Railways 18 0.36
HCMC to be more motorcycle-dependent society. If Aviation 70 1.4
not managed properly, public transport share might Source: JICA (2013)
be close to zero over the next decade. In 2013, the transport sector ranks second
after the industry in terms of share of total energy
consumption, constituting of 24.3% of the overall
energy consumption.

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