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One reason frauds committed by high-level perpe-
               trators are more costly could be that their schemes   FIG. 25  How does the perpetrator’s level of
               tend to last longer. The median duration of a scheme   authority relate to scheme duration?
               committed by an owner/executive was 24 months,   Position             Median months to detection
               compared to 18 months for schemes committed by   Employee                           12 months
               managers and 12 months for those committed by
               employees (See Figure 7 on pg. 14 for more informa-  Manager                        18 months
               tion on the correlation between fraud duration and   Owner/executive                24 months
               median loss.).


               Perpetrator’s Tenure

               As Figure 26 shows, fraud losses tend to increase   loss of USD 40,000, while those with more than
               based on how long the fraud perpetrator worked   ten years’ experience at the victim organization
               for the victim organization. Perpetrators with   caused a median loss of USD 241,000, more than
               less than one year of tenure caused a median    six times as high.







                                                                                                                                                                                            Owners/executives

        FRAUD COMMITTED BY OWNERS AND EXECUTIVES                                                                                                                                            engaged in non-fraud-related
                                                                                                                                                 Owners/executives                          misconduct more often
                                                                                                                                          are more likely to collude
        Occupational frauds committed by owners/executives tend to be extremely
        costly. How do these cases di er from non-owner/executive frauds?                                                                           with others                               owners/executives       62%

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      of cases involved non-
                                                                                                                                                                                             +
                                                                                                                                            Collusion schemes tend to be more                                         fraud-related misconduct
                                                              65%                                                                                                                                             of cases involved non-
                     MEDIAN LOSS                                                                                                            costly than single-perpetrator frauds            non-owners/executives  41%

                                                                                                                                                                                             6241
                                                              of owner/executive                                                                                                                              fraud-related misconduct
               $850,000                                       frauds involved                                                                                                              �           � � � � bullying or intimidation

               OWNERS/EXECUTIVES                              corruption                                                                                                                                was most common, observed in
                                                                                                                                                                                                        41% of owner/executive cases
                                                                                                  27%


                                                                                                  of owner/executive                                               66%                        Frauds detected by a third-party
                                                                                                  frauds involved financial               owners/executives
                                                                                                  statement fraud                                                  of cases involved            auditor or law enforcement:
                                                                                                                                                                   collusion
                                                                                                                                         +
                                                                  34%                                 6%                                 non-owners/executives  45%                            Owner/executive        Non-owner/executive
                                                                  Non-ownerS/executives               Non-ownerS/executives                                                                        1 in 8                  1 in 25
                              $100,000                                                                                                                     of cases involved
                                                                                                                                         6645
                              NON‚OWNERS/                                                                                                                  collusion
                               EXECUTIVES
                                                        Corruption and financial statement fraud are the
                                                             two costliest forms of occupational fraud                                                                                Frauds that are not detected internally tend to be much more costly


    34    Perpetrators  Report to the Nations
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