Page 755 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice

Index 743

Urine Vena cava stenosis, in hemodialysis, 708 Vitamin K
osmolality of, 15–16, 16f,16t, 46, 46t Venous blood samples, 241, 242t anaphylaxis due to, 481
specific gravity of, 54 Venous oxygen saturation deficiency of, for liver disease, 481
in dehydration, 335 in fluid therapy monitoring, 387 in parenteral nutrition, 614–615
in fluid therapy monitoring, 387 in hemodialysis, 701, 701f Volume deficit. See Dehydration; Fluid loss;
in polyuria/polydipsia, 70 measurement of, 419 Hypovolemia
volume of, 17 Venous thrombosis Volume excess. See Hypervolemia
Urine output, 15, 16t,18t. See also Fluid loss catheter-related, 355, 375, 376 Volume exclusion effect, 650
fluid status and, 391 in hemodialysis, 708 Volume expanders, macromolecular plasma,
in fluid therapy monitoring, 348, 391 dextran prophylaxis for, 423 651–655. See also Colloid(s)
homeostasis and, 14–15, 15f,16t Ventilation. See Alveolar ventilation; Volumetric pumps, 378, 379
in hyperkalemia, 110, 111–112 Respiration Volvulus, gastric, 448
in hypovolemia, 418 Ventilation-perfusion mismatch, 291, Vomiting
monitoring of, 418, 549 292, 293 electrolyte imbalances in, 443–444
in shock, 571 Ventilatory control system. See Respiratory during enteral feeding, 641b
normal values for, 70, 391 control system fluid therapy for, 334, 338, 445–447
obligatory, 15–17 Ventilatory support in intestinal obstruction, 451
pressure diuresis and, 395 renal effects of, 416 metabolic alkalosis and, 266, 276–277
in sedentary animals, 15–17, 16t,18t for respiratory acidosis, 296 monitoring for, 447
solute load and, 15, 16f,18t Veterinary blood banks, 586b, 588 nutritional support for, 447
Urolithiasis, hypercalcemia and, 138, 154 Veterinary renal diets, for hypercalcemia, 154 pathomechanisms of, 443–444, 443f
Urticaria, transfusion-related, 596, 597t Vials, needle insertion in, 374 potassium loss via, 105
Utrafiltration constant, 28–29 Vinegar, for hepatic encephalopathy, 484t Von Willebrand factor
Vipera xanthina palestinae bite, hypocalcemia blood donation and, 590
V and, 168 colloids and, 657
VIPomas, 445 in liver disease, 492–493, 492f
Valence, 7 Visceral epithelial cells, glomerular, 26–27, 28f Von Willebrand’s disease, perioperative
equivalent weight and, 7–8 management of, 413
Vaptans, for hyponatremia, 69–70 Vitamin(s) V-Q mismatch, 291, 292, 293
daily requirements for, 627t
Vasa recta, in urinary concentration, 37–38, in enteral nutrition, 627, 627t
39–40
Vascular endothelial permeability, 4 in parenteral nutrition, 612, 614–615 W
supplemental, for liver disease, 480–481
Vascular resistance Vitamin B 1 deficiency, in liver disease, 480 Warming methods, for blood products,
blood pressure and, 514, 515b, 515f 429, 595
Vitamin B 12
mean arterial pressure and, 389 Water. See also Fluid(s)
absorption of, 437–438, 439
tissue perfusion and, 514–516 enteral, 546
deficiency of, in liver disease, 480
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, 442 in food, 17, 21t
Vasoconstriction Vitamin D, 128 total body, 2
activation of, 41–42
glomerular filtration rate and, 29, 30t tonicity of, 11
deficiency of
variables affecting, 515b urinary free, 17
hypocalcemia and, 169–170
Vasodilatation, variables affecting, 515b Water deprivation test, 70–72, 71t, 75, 75t
hypophosphatemia and, 199
Vasodilators, 522t gradual, 74
metabolism of, 128–131, 129f
glomerular filtration rate and, 29, 30t modified, 73–74
supplemental
for heart failure, 529, 531 Water diuresis, 46
renal effects of, 522t for hypocalcemia, 174, 175t, 177 Water intoxication, in hyponatremia, 68
Vasopressin for hypoparathyroidism, 174, 175t Water restriction
endogenous toxicity of, 152–153, 160. for hyponatremia, 69
drug effects on, 53f, 67–68 See also Hypervitaminosis D for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic
in fluid balance, 50–51, 51f,52f,54 hypercalcemia and, 139, 140f hormone, 69
increased, hyponatremia and, 67–68 Vitamin D metabolites, 128–130, 129f Weakness
in liver disease, 468, 469 measurement of, 136 hyperkalemia and, 109–110
in polyuria, 50–51 Vitamin D receptor, 130–131 hypokalemia and, 103, 105
release of, 51–52, 52f,53f parathyroid hormone and, 122–123, Weight
renal blood flow and, 29 124–125 atomic, 6, 6t
structure of, 51f Vitamin D 2 body
in urinary concentration, 37, 38–39, 40, for hypocalcemia, 175t, 177 fluid status and, 334, 335
50–51 toxicity of, 152–153 in fluid therapy monitoring, 378, 391
urinary free water and, 17 Vitamin D 3 , 128 equivalent, 7–8
exogenous metabolism of, 41–42 formula, 6
acepromazine and, 416 toxicity of, 152–153, 160 milliequivalent, 7–8
for central diabetes insipidus, 56 calcitriol for, 152–153, 160 molecular, 6, 6t
for shock, 573–574, 573t hypervitaminosis D and, 163 Weight loss
structure of, 51f Vitamin D–binding protein, 129 in dehydration, 334, 335, 545
Vasopressin tannate, for central diabetes Vitamin D–dependent rickets, 170 in malnutrition, 607, 608f
insipidus, 56 Vitamin E deficiency, in liver disease, 480–481 Wernicke’s encephalopathy, in liver disease, 480