Page 752 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice

740 INDEX

Shock (Continued) for heart failure, 533 portosystemic shunts and, 469–470
hypertonic saline in, 568, 568t as effective osmole, 10 steroid hormones and, 469
hypertonic saline–colloid mixtures in, in erythrocytes, 100t Sodium-potassium pump, 23
568–569 in gastric juice, 80–81 Soft tissue mineralization, in hypercalcemia,
initial resuscitation in, 564 in gastrointestinal tract, 80–81 137, 138
inotropes in, 572–574, 573t in hemodialysate, 693–694 Solubility coefficient of CO 2 , 235
synthetic colloids in, 565–568, 565t, 567t, intake of Solute(s). See also Electrolytes
568–569 in liver disease, 480 in body fluids, 4–5, 5t
vasopressors in, 572–574, 573t potassium excretion and, 98–99 concentration of, 7
venous access in, 564 measurement of, 62 valence and, 7
metabolic, 558, 558t metabolism of, chloride metabolism and, dietary, fluid requirements and, 15–17
treatment of, 575–576 80–81, 83–84 distribution of, 4–5
monitoring in, 570–572 potassium excretion and, 98–99 in intracellular fluid, 2, 3f
blood gas analysis in, 571–572 renal handling of, 47–48, 48f loss of, 11, 12, 12t
blood pressure in, 571 renal transport of, 35, 38, 47–48, 48f renal solute load and, 16, 17
central venous pressure in, 570–571 supplemental, for heart failure, 533 urinary, 15–17, 16f
lactate in, 572 Sodium balance osmotic effect of, 8–9, 8f
packed cell volume in, 570 disturbances of. See also Hypernatremia; urinary excretion of, 15–17, 16f
physical examination in, 570 Hyponatremia Solute diuresis, 46
pulse oximetry in, 572 dehydration in, 46–47, 47f Solute exchange
total plasma proteins in, 570 diuresis in, 46 intracellular-extracellular, 10–12, 12f
urine output in, 571 in hemodialysis, 693–694, 703 peritoneal, 666–667
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in, osmolality in, 45–46 plasma–interstitial spaces, 12–13, 12f
562, 563 serum sodium concentration in, 47 Solute flow equation, 649
neurogenic, 558 tonicity in, 46 Solute load
pathologic consequences of, 561–564 glomerulotubular, 48–49 fluid intake and, 17–20
pathophysiology of, 559–564, 559f renal regulation of, 45t, 48–50, 48f urinary output and, 15, 16f,18t
posttransfusion, 597 renin-angiotensin system in, 41 Solution(s). See also Fluid therapy and specific
renin-angiotensin system in, 560 Sodium bicarbonate. See also Bicarbonate types
septic, 558 adverse effects of, 271 concentration and, 7
case study of, 578–579 in commercial fluids, 338, 339 hypertonic, perioperative use of, 423
glucocorticoids for, 575 for diabetic ketoacidosis, 263–264 molality of, 7
treatment of, 574 perioperative use of, 410 molarity of, 7
sequelae of, 563–564 drug interactions with, 410 oral rehydration, 446–447
Starling forces in, 561 for ethylene glycol poisoning, 261 osmolality of, 8–10, 338. See also Osmolality
systemic inflammatory response syndrome in, as fluid additive, 338 calculated, 9–10, 11
563 for hypercalcemia, 158t, 159 measured, 9, 14
Shunts for hyperkalemia, 113–114, 114b osmolarity of, 8–10
portosystemic, in liver disease, 469–470 hypocalcemia due to, 169 percent, 7
right-to-left, 292, 293 for lactic acidosis, 268–269 tonicity of, 9, 46
Sieving, 667 for metabolic acidosis, 269–271 Solution containers
Sildenafil, for heart failure, 531 in renal failure, 552, 552f, 554 labels for, 378
Simplified strong ion equation, 325 for metabolic alkalosis, 274 for additives, 344
Single-nephron glomerular filtration rate, metabolic alkalosis due to, 275 as volume markers, 344, 345
27–28 for respiratory acidosis, 296 needle insertion into, 374
Skin, evaporation on, 17, 18t for salicylate poisoning, 262 Solvent drag, 35
Skin preparation for uremic acidosis, 265 Somatostatin congeners, for hypercalcemia, 163
for catheterization, 355 Sodium channels, 48–49 Specific gravity, 46
for transfusions, 592 Sodium chloride. See also Saline Spironolactone, 523f, 523t, 524
Skin turgor drug interactions with, 410 for ascites, 488
assessment of, 387, 417 excessive ingestion of, 59–60, 59f,61 for heart failure, 530, 531–532
in dehydration, 335 for metabolic alkalosis, 279–280 for metabolic alkalosis, 280
Small intestine renal transport of, 81 Splanchnic artery vasodilation
chloride in, 80–81, 80b for respiratory acidosis, 296 in fluid retention, in liver disease, 468,
disorders of, hypocalcemia in, 168 in salt poisoning, 59–60, 61 470–472, 471f
fluid and electrolyte absorption in, 438f, in urinary concentration, 37, 38, 40 in heatstroke, 510
439–441, 440f, 442f Sodium citrate, for blood products, 592t. Stamey percutaneous suprapubic catheter, 669,
obstruction of, 451–452 See also Citrate, as blood additive 670f
sodium in, 80–81 Sodium EDTA, for hypercalcemia, 158t, Standard bicarbonate, 240–241
Sodium. See also under Na + 162–163 Starling forces, 514–516, 518f, 649–651
in body fluids, 4–5, 5t Sodium nitroprusside, for heart failure, 529 in glomerular filtration, 28, 29f
in commercial fluids, 339, 340, 341 Sodium phosphate, for hypophosphatemia, in shock, 561
concentration of, 47 202t in sodium balance, 49, 49f
chloride concentration and, 84–85 Sodium profiling, in hemodialysis, 693–694 Starling’s hypothesis, 647, 648
plasma volume and, 514 Sodium retention Starling’s law, 12–13
dietary restriction of in heart failure, 519, 519f, 521, 525, 526 Starvation. See also Malnutrition
for ascites, 488 in liver disease, 468, 470 fluid therapy for, 334