Page 2461 - Cote clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats 4th

1220 Effusions Effusions, Bicavitary

Effusions
VetBooks.ir Parameter Transudate Modified Transudate Exudate Hemorrhage

Specific gravity <1.018 1.018-1.025 >1.025 >1.025
Protein (g/dL) <2.5 2.5-6.0 >2.5 >2.5
Appearance Clear and watery Clear to serosanguineous Turbid, serosanguineous, Serosanguineous,
serofibrinous sanguineous
Cellularity (cells/mm ) 3 <1000 >2500 >5000 >5000
Cytologic examination Macrophages, mesothelial cells, and occasional Macrophages, mesothelial cells, and Variable Primarily erythrocytes
neutrophils occasional neutrophils and erythrocytes
Examples Hypoalbuminemia (renal loss, GI loss, hepatic Heart failure, posthepatic vascular Septic (bacterial infection Anticoagulant
synthetic failure, massive skin wound/burn obstruction (e.g., caudal vena caval [aerobic, anaerobic]), rodenticide toxicosis,
loss), prehepatic congestion/obstruction (e.g., thrombosis), neoplasia, chyle nonseptic (e.g., FIP) ruptured neoplasm,
portal vein thrombosis) trauma
FIP, Feline infectious peritonitis; GI, gastrointestinal.
Modified with permission from Kittleson MD, Kienle RD, editors: Pericardial disease and cardiac neoplasia. In Small animal cardiovascular medicine, St. Louis, 1998, Mosby, p 420.

Effusions, Bicavitary

Conditions Associated With Bicavitary Effusions
Cardiovascular Conditions Bile Peritonitis (more often abdominal only)
Cardiac tamponade: pericardial effusion of any cause (e.g., neoplastic, Chylous effusion (more often pleural only)
idiopathic, toxic [anticoagulant]) Vasculitis
Constrictive pericardial disease FIP
Right-sided congestive failure: dilated cardiomyopathy, tricuspid regurgitation Rickettsial disease
of any cause (tricuspid dysplasia, myxomatous tricuspid valve disease/ Immune-mediated vasculitis
endocardiosis, other), severe pulmonic stenosis, cor pulmonale of Uremic vasculitis
any cause (heartworm disease/caval syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary Neoplastic Conditions
hypertension, other), tricuspid valve stenosis Right atrial fibroma
Caudal vena cava thromboembolism or tumor Metastatic adenocarcinoma
Congenital Obstruction Lymphoma
Caudal vena cava, cor triatriatum dexter, Budd-Chiari syndrome Hemangiosarcoma
Hypoalbuminemia (Severe) Mesothelioma
Protein-losing nephropathy, protein-losing enteropathy, advanced hepatic Cholangiocellular carcinoma
disease, pancreatitis, extensive burns Chemodectoma
Bleeding disorders (Secondary Hemostasis) Prostatic adenocarcinoma
DIC, hemophilia, rodenticide intoxication, hepatic failure Diffuse carcinomatosis
DIC, Disseminated intravascular coagulation; FIP, feline infectious peritonitis.
Modified from Willard M, Tvedten H: Small animal clinical diagnosis by laboratory methods, ed 5, St. Louis, 2012, Saunders.

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