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Dyspnea Edema 1219

Dyspnea Dystocia: Causes
VetBooks.ir Upper Airway Disorders Causes in Bitches and Queens

Nasal cavity*
Stenotic nares Cause Bitch (%) Queen (%)
Obstruction (infection, inflammation, neoplasia, trauma, bleeding Maternal 75.3 67.1
disorder, foreign body)
Pharynx, larynx Primary complete inertia 48.9 36.8
Elongated or edematous soft palate Primary partial inertia 23.1 22.6
Epiglottic retroversion
Pharyngeal polyp (cat > dog) Birth canal too narrow 1.1 5.2
Laryngeal edema, collapse, foreign body, inflammation, trauma, Uterine torsion 1.1 —
paralysis, spasm, neoplasia, vocal-fold webbing
Pharyngeal collapse Uterine prolapse — 0.6
Everted laryngeal saccules Uterine strangulation — 0.6
Cervical trachea
Collapse, stenosis Hydrallantois 0.5 —
Trauma, foreign body Vaginal septum formation 0.5 —
Neoplasia, osteochondral dysplasia Fetal 24.7 29.7
Parasites (Oslerus osleri)
Lower Airway Disorders Malpresentations 15.4 15.5
Thoracic trachea (see Cervical trachea, above) Malformations 1.6 7.7
Extraluminal compression (lymphadenopathy, heart-based tumors, Fetal oversize 6.6 1.9
+/− enlarged left atrium)
Bronchial disease (allergic, infectious, parasitic, chronic obstructive Fetal death 1.1 1.1
pulmonary disease)
From Feldman EC, Nelson RW: Canine and feline endocrinology and reproduction, ed 3, St. Louis,
Pulmonary Parenchymal Disorders 2004, Saunders. Differentials, Lists, Differentials, Lists,
Edema (cardiogenic, noncardiogenic) and Mnemonics and Mnemonics
Pneumonia (infectious, parasitic, aspiration)
Neoplasia
Allergy (allergic pneumonitis, including heartworm)
Eosinophilic (eosinophilic granuloma, eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy) Edema
Embolism (lymphoma or other neoplasia, dirofilariasis, hyperadrenocorticism,
disseminated intravascular coagulation, immune-mediated hemolytic
anemia, protein-losing nephropathy or enteropathy)
Trauma, bleeding disorders Contributing
Pleural/Body Wall Disorders Cause Factor Specific Clinical Syndromes
Pneumothorax Increased Impaired venous Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Pleural effusion hydrostatic return Pericardial disease (pericardial
Congenital body wall disorders (pectus excavatum) pressure effusion, constrictive pericarditis,
Thoracic wall trauma pericardial cyst or neoplasm)
Thoracic wall neoplasia Portal hypertension
Thoracic wall paralysis Venous obstruction or compression
Diaphragmatic hernia (congenital, acquired) (thrombosis, external pressure,
Mediastinal Disorders extremity inactivity)
Hemorrhage Small-caliber Heat
Infection arteriolar dilation Neurohumoral dysregulation
Trauma, including pneumomediastinum
Neoplasia (lymphoma, thymoma, other) Reduced Hypoproteinemia Protein-losing nephropathy
plasma
(amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis)
Peritoneal Cavity Disorders oncotic Synthetic failure (chronic liver disease)
Organomegaly, obesity pressure Malnutrition
Effusion (marked) Protein-losing gastroenteropathy
Gastric torsion, dilation/volvulus Lymphatic Decreased lymphatic Various inflammatory conditions
Hemoglobin Disorders obstruction drainage of Congenital (lymphedema)
Anemia interstitium Neoplastic
Methemoglobinemia Postsurgical
Cyanosis Postirradiation
Miscellaneous Sodium Excess dietary
Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) retention intake with renal
Peripheral nerve, neuromuscular, muscular insufficiency
Metabolic (acidemia; severe hypokalemia in cats)
Anxiety/fear Increased tubular Renal hypoperfusion
Pain sodium resorption Increased renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone secretion
*Only likely to cause dyspnea if the animal is a semiobligate nasal breather (e.g., cats). Inflammation Acute inflammation
Modified from Ettinger S, Feldman E: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 5, St. Louis, Chronic inflammation
2000, Saunders.
Angiogenesis
Vasculitis
Modified from Kumar V, et al, editors: Robbins and Cotran’s Pathologic basis of disease, ed 8,
Philadelphia, 2009, Saunders.
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