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¯ÙΉ ȯÂʇ ÏÚ ‰˙ÚÙ˘‰Â ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰È¯ÙÓȇ‰

‡˜Â„ ‰˙Èȉ ˙È˘ÈÏ˘‰ ‰‡Ó‰ ÌȯÁ‡ ÌȯÂʇ· ȯ‰ 194,˙ÂÙȯÁ Âȉ Ô· ¯·˘Ó‰
196.ÁÂ˙ÈÙ ‰ÁÈ¯Ù Ï˘ Û‡ ÌÈ˙ÚÏ 195,˙ÓÈÂÒÓ ‰È‰˘‰ Ï˘ ‰Ù˜˙

ÊÎ¯Ó ÔÈ· Ϙ˘Ó‰ ÈÂÂÈ˘ ˙¯Ù‰ Ï˘ ‰„ÏÂ˙ ‡Â‰ ¯·˘Ó‰ ÈÎ ÂÚˢ Âȉ ¯·Ú·
‡Ï‡ 197.Â˙Òȯ˜Ï ̯‚ ÈÊίӉ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ˙‡ ˘ÈÏÁ‰˘ ÍÈω˙ ,‰È¯ÙȯÙÏ ‰È¯ÙÓȇ‰
˙Â¢‡¯‰ ˙‡Ӊ Íωӷ ˙·¯ ‰˙˘‰ Ô· ‰È¯ÙÓȇ· ˙ÂÁÂΉ ÔÊ‡Ó ÈÎ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ˘
˜ÊÁ˙‰ ,ÔÂÎÈ˙‰ Ìȉ Ï˘ ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ „ˆ·˘ ‰Ï‡ ¯˜ÈÚ· ,˙ÂÈÓ˜Ӊ ˙ÂÈ·¯˙‰ ÈΠ"‰ÒÏ
˙ÈÁ·Ó ‡Ï ȇ„· ,‰È¯ÙÓȇ‰ ˙ÈÁ·Ó ÈÏÈÏ˘ ÍÈω˙ Á¯Î‰· ‰Ê ‰È‰ ‡Ï 198.„‡Ó
¯ÂˆÈȉ ÈÊÎ¯Ó ¯·ÚÓ ÈÎ ‰Úˉ .˘ÓÓ Ï˘ ÈÏÎÏÎ ÁÂ˙ÈÙÏ ÚÈ‚‰Ï ÂÏÎÈ˘ ,˙ÂȘȷ¯ى
È„ÈÏ ‡È·‰Â ÂÏÂÎ ÈÓ¯‰ ·Á¯Ó‰ ˙‡ ËËÂÓ˘ ‡Â‰ ˙ÂȘȷ¯ÙÏ ÈÂËÏ˘‰ ÊίӉ ÔÓ
200,¯ÂˆÈȉ ÈÊÎ¯Ó „Â‡Ó ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰ ‰È¯Ùȯٷ˘ ÔÂÎ .˙˜ÈÂ„Ó ‰ȇ 199¯·˘Ó‰ ı¯Ù
ÌÚ ,‰ÓÓ ˜ÈÙ‰ ‡Â‰Â ÈχȯÙÓȇ‰ ÔÂ‚Ó‰ ÔÂÂÈ΢ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó ÂÊ ‰˙Èȉ ÈÎ ‰‡¯ ͇
,ÔÂËÏ˘· ‰˙Èȉ ‡Ï ÈÓ¯‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ˙¯ËÓ .‰·¯ ˙ÈÏÎÏÎ ˙ÏÚÂ˙ ,˙ÂȘȷ¯ى È·˘Â˙
˙ÂÁÙ˘ ‰ÓΠ‰ÚÈ‚¯Â ˙ÈÂËÏ˘ ˙Â·ÈˆÈ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÌÈÒÓ‰ ÈÙÒÎ ˙ÈÈ·‚· ¯˜ÈÚ· ‡Ï‡
‰‡Ó· ‰È¯ÙÓȇ‰ ÊÎ¯Ó Ï˘ Â˙ÎÈÚ„Â Â˙˘ÏÂÁ 201.˙ÈÙÒÎ ‰Ú˜˘‰Â ˙ȇ·ˆ ˙·¯Ú˙‰
¯¯‚ ‡Ï ˙¯Á‡ ˙ÂÚÙÂ˙ „ÂÚ ‡Ó¯· ˙¯ÒȘ‰ ¯ˆÁ· ÌÈÙÂÎ˙‰ ÌÈÙÂÏÈÁ‰ ,˙È˘ÈÏ˘‰

.χ¯˘È-ı¯‡ ˙‡ Ì‚ ÔÎÂ˙·Â ˙ÂȘȷ¯ى ÏÎ Ï˘ Ô˙Òȯ˜ ˙‡ Ì‚ Á¯Î‰·
‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ ÔÈ· „‚È‰ ÂÏȇΠ‰ÚËÏ ÒÁÈ· Ì‚ ˘È ˙Â˜ÙÒ Ï˘ ‰„ÈÓ ‰˙‡
¯·„ Ï˘ ÂÙÂÒ· ‡È·‰˘ ‡Â‰ ˙ȯÙΉ ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ ÔÈ·Â ,‡Ó¯ ÈÙÏÎ ‰˙Ë˘ ,˙È¯ÈÚ‰
˙ÈÏÎÏΉ ˙ίÚÓ‰ ˙Òȯ˜Ï ‰Ï˘ ȯÙΉ ÌÂÁ˙Ï ¯ÈÚ‰ ÔÈ· ˜Â˙ÈÏ ,¯·˘Ó „¯ÈÙ È„ÈÏ
‡Ï ,˙ÂÈ˘ÓÓ ˙ÂÈÂ„Ú ÏÎ Ôȇ .˙Â·ÈˆÈ ÏÚ ‡˜Â„ ˙„ÓÏÓ ˙ȯÓÂÁ‰ ˙„ډ .‰ÏÏη
¯ÙΉ ÔÓ ‰Ï„‚ ‰¯È‚‰ ÏÚ ,‰È¯ÙÓȇ‰ Ï˘ ÌȯÁ‡ ÌȯÂÊ‡Ó ‡Ï ̂ χ¯˘È-ı¯‡Ó
È·˘Â˙ Ì‚ ÌȯÙΉ È·˘Â˙ Ì‚ ,‰Ï‡ Ì‚Â ‰Ï‡ ÈÎ ‰‡¯ .¯·˘Ó‰ ˙Â˘ Íωӷ ¯ÈÚÏ
˙ÂÈ¯ÈÚ‰ ˙ÂÏȉ˜‰ .Ì‰È·Â˘ÈÈ ˙‡ Á˙ÙÏ ̄˜˙‰Ï ۇ ÌÈȘ˙‰Ï ÂÎÈ˘Ó‰ ,Ìȯډ
,‰Ó„‡ ˙„ÈÚ¯ ¯„Úȉ· ‰ÈÈÙ‡˙‰˘ ‰Î¯‡ ‰Ù˜˙Ó Â‰ χ¯˘È-ı¯‡· ˙ÂȯÙΉÂ

L. Ellis, ‘“Terra Deserta”: Population, Politics, and the [De]colonization of Dacia’, World 194
.vi–vii 'ÓÚ ,1991 ,ËÈÂÂÏ ;126–124 'ÓÚ ,1991 ,ÛÈÏËÈ· ;Archaeology, 30, 2 (1998), p. 221
G. Tate, ‘The Syrian Countryside during the Roman Era’, S.E. Alcock (ed.), The Early Roman 195

Empire in the East, Exeter 1997, pp. 69–70

ÌÂÎÈÒÏ .173 'ÓÚ ,1990 ,‰˜‡È·-‰Ï ;127–106 'ÓÚ ,1984 ,Ô‡¯ ;163–151 'ÓÚ ,1976 ,¯˜ËÈ 196
M. Kulikowski, Late Roman Spain and Its Cities, Baltimore ‡¯ ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰È¯ÙÓȇ‰ ·¯ÚÓ ÏÚ

& London, 2004; C. Witschel, ‘Re-evaluating the Roman West in the 3rd c. A.D’, JRA, 17,1
(2004), pp. 251–181

.171 'ÓÚ ,1995 ,¯Ù˘ Ï˘ÓÏ 197
.9–8 'ÓÚ ,1993 ,Ô¯Ә 198
.171 'ÓÚ ,1995 ,¯Ù˘ 199

.͢Ӊ· ‡¯ χ¯˘È-ı¯‡ ÏÚ .159–138 'ÓÚ ,1995 ,ÈÏ‚ÈËÓ Â‡¯ ,‰˜È¯Ù‡-ÔÂÙˆ· Ï˘ÓÏ ÂÓÎ 200
.1998 ,̉¯‚ 201

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