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‚¢‚˘‰˘ ˘˘Á Ô·ÂÓÎ ˘È ԇΠ.¯Á‡ „ˆÓ ÒÂÈËËÒ˜ ÒÂ‡ÈËϘÂÈ„ ÌȯÒȘ‰ Ï˘
ÏÙ˘‰ ˙Ù˜˙ ÏÚ Âψ ˙‡ ÏÈËÈ ˙È˘ÈÏ˘‰ ‰‡Ó‰ ˙È˘‡¯·Â ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ‰‡Ó‰ ÛÂÒ·˘
„ÂÓÏÏ ¯˘Ù‡ Ô· ̇ ‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙ËÏ·˙Ó ÂÊ ‰·ÈÒÓ .˙È˘ÈÏ˘‰ ‰‡Ó‰ ÚˆÓ‡ Ï˘
.¯ÙΉ ȯÂʇ· ¯·˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ÂÓÂȘ-ȇ ÏÚ Â‡ ÂÓÂȘ ÏÚ È‚ÂÏ‡ί‡‰ ‡ˆÓÓ‰ ÔÓ
ÔÈÁ·‰Ï ‰È‰È ¯˘Ù‡ Ì˘ Ô΢ ,¯˙ÂÈ ‰Ï˜ È¯ÈÚ‰ ¯Ê‚Ó· ¯·˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ¯Â˙ȇ‰ ˙ÓÈ˘Ó
˙·Â˙Î ¯„Úȉ ÌÈȯ·Ȉ ÌÈ˘È¯٠˙¯ÈˆÚ Ï˘ ‰ÚÙÂ˙ ¯Â˙ȇ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ¯·˘Ó·
ÔÈÁ·‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡˘ ,˙ÂÈÒ¯‰‰ ‰Ó„‡‰ ˙„ÈÚ¯·Î ‡Ï˘ .˙È˘ÈÏ˘‰ ‰‡Ó‰ ÚˆÓ‡Ó ‰ÈÈ·
ÌÈ˙ÚÏ˘ ,˙ÂÓÁÏÓ·Î ‡Ï˘ ,˙ȯÓÂÁ‰ ˙·¯˙· ÌȘ‰·ÂÓ ÌÈÓÈÒ ÍÂ˙Ó Ô‰È˙‡ˆÂ˙·
˙‡ ¯˙‡Ï Èχ Ô˙È˘ ,˙ÂÙ‚Ó Ï˘ ˙‡ˆÂ˙·Î ‡Ï˘ ,Ô‰È˙·˜Ú· ‰Ù¯ËÒ˘ ‰‡·
·Á¯Ó· ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰È¯ÙÓȇ‰ ˙‡ „˜Ù˘ ÈÏÎÏΠÈÏÏÎ ¯·˘ÓÏ ˙ÂÈÂ„Ú ˙‡ÈˆÓ ,Ô‰È˙·˜Ú
ÌȯÂʇ· ˙ÈÏËÓÂÂÓ‰ ‰ÈÈ·‰ ¯ÂӇΠ.¯˙ÂÈ ‰·¯‰ ˙ηÂÒÓ ‰ÓÈ˘Ó ‡È‰ ‰Ï˘ ȯÙΉ
„ÂÓÚÏ ‰È‰È ¯˘Ù‡ Ì˙ÂÚˆÓ‡·˘ ÌÈÚˆÓ‡ ÌȯÒÁ ÔΠ˙ÂËÚÂÓ ˙·Â˙Ή ,‰¯È„ ‰Ï‡
ÈÎ ‰Ó„ ÌÈÈ˘ÚӉ ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏ„Â˙Ó‰ ÌÈÈ˘˜‰ ˙¯ÓÏ Í‡ .¯·˘Ó‰ ˙¯ÓÂÁ ÏÚ ˜È„ӷ
,χ¯˘È-ı¯‡· ¯·˘Ó‰ ˙¯ÓÂÁ ˙χ˘· ÚÂÈÒ ‰È‚ÂÏ‡ί‡· ‡ÂˆÓÏ ˙‡Ê Ïη ¯˘Ù‡

214.˙¯¯·Â ˙ÂÎ˙ÂÁ Ôȇ ˙Â˜ÒÓ‰ ̇ Ì‚
χ¯˘È-ı¯‡· ÌȄ‰ȉ ˙¯˜· ÔÂÈ„Ï È¯˜ÈÚ‰ È˙¯ÙÒ‰ ¯Â˜Ó‰ ‡È‰ ÌÈÓÎÁ‰ ˙¯ÙÒ
˙ȯÂËÒȉ‰ ˙‡ȈӉ ˙‡ Û˜˘Ï È„Î ˘È ‰· ÔÂÓˉ ¯ÓÂÁ· .˙¯Á‡Ӊ ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰Ù˜˙·
ı·Â˜Ó ˜ÏÁ ˙ÂÁÙÏ ÈÂ˘Ú ÂÊ ‰·ÈÒÓ 215,˙ÈËÊÈ·‰ ‰Ù˜˙·Â ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰Ù˜˙·
ÌÈÈÁ‰ ȇ˙ „ÂÓÈÏÏ ÈÊÎ¯Ó È¯ÂËÒȉ ¯Â˜Ó ˘Ó˘Ï ,˙È˘ÈÏ˘‰ ‰‡Ó‰ Ï˘ ,‰Ê È˙¯ÙÒ
˙¯ÙÒ ‡Ï ˙È˙Îω-˙È˙„ ˙¯ÙÒ ‡È‰ ˙¯ÙÒ‰˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ .¯·˘Ó‰ Íωӷ χ¯˘È-ı¯‡·

217.‰ÈÏÚ ÒÒ·˙‰Ï ÏÏÎ ËÂ˘Ù ‡Ï 216,˙ȯÂËÒȉ

D.C. Baramki, ‘Two Roman Cisterns at Beit Nattif’, QDAP, 5 (1936), pp. 3–10; D. Adan 214

Bayewitz, Common Pottery in Roman Galilee: A Study of Local Trade, Jerusalem 1993,
p. 239

R. A. Ohrenstein and B. Gordon, Economic ‡¯ ˙È¯Ó˘ Ë·Ó ˙„˜Ó „ÂÓÏ˙‰ Ï˘ ÂÎ¯Ú ÏÚ 215

Analysis in the Talmudic Literature: Rabbinic Thought in the Light of Modern Economics,
Leiden 1992, pp. 3–12

˙ÂÓÈ˘¯ ‡Ï Ï·‡ ,˙ȯÒÂÓ-˙È˘¯Ù ,˙È„‚‡ ,˙È˙Îω [‡È‰ ˙È„ÂÓÏ˙‰ ˙¯ÙÒ‰] ÂÊ ˙¯ÙÒ' 216
.211 'ÓÚ ,1983 ,ȇ¯ÙÒ '˘ ,'˙ÂȯÂËÒȉ

,1995 ,¯Ù˘ ;114–89 'ÓÚ ,1976 ,‰ÂÈ È·‡ ;193–182 'ÓÚ ,· ,Ê"ˢ˙ ,ÔÂχ ;1974 ,¯·¯Ù˘ 217
È˘È˘‰ ÈÓÏÂÚ‰ Ò¯‚˜‰ ȯ·„ ,'Ï"ÊÁ ψ‡ ‰È¯ÂËÒȉ‰ ˙˘ÈÙ˙' ,¯‰ „"Ó Â‡¯ ÔÎ .175–170 'ÓÚ
'ÓÚ ¯˜ÈÚ·Â ,216–209 'ÓÚ ,1983 ,ȇ¯ÙÒ '˘ ;142–129 'ÓÚ ,Ê"Ï˘˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ,‚ ,˙„‰È‰ ÈÚ„ÓÏ
I. Gafni, ‘Concepts of Periodization and Causality in Talmudic literature’, Jewish ;214–211

History, 10, 1 (1996), pp. 21–38; C.H. Hayes, Between the Babylonian and Palestinian
Talmuds: Accounting for Halakhic Differences in Selected Sugyot from Tractate Avodah

ÏÚ ˙¯Â˜È· ‡¯ ȯÂËÒȉ ¯Â˜Ó·Î Ï"ÊÁ ˙¯ÙÒ· ˘ÂÓÈ˘‰ ÏÚ .Zarah, New York 1997, pp. 3–30
J. Neusner, ‘Rabbinic Sources for Historical Study: A Debate ψ‡ (1994) ȇ¯ÙÒ 'Ê Ï˘ ¯ÙÒ

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