Page 400 - General Knowledge

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2019

 Higher chemical elements thought to have evolved within ancient stars.
 Swirling clouds of chemical elements formed including solar systems.
Fifth Stage
 Called as ‗Organic Evolution‘.

 Theory is that the planet Earth began as a molten mass of matter.
 Cooled off into solid, dry rock.
Sixth Stage
 Called as ‗Macro Evolution‘.
 Every living creature shares a common ancestor.
 Simple single celled organism.
 Essentially, birds and bananas, fishes and flowers are genetically related.
Final Stage
 Called as ‗Micro evolution‘.
 Variation and variety of traits in kinds of organisms sexually.
 Sexually compatible kinds such as IIamas and Camels, lions and tigers, coyote‘s and
dingoes etc.

4. PLANT AND ANIMAL KINGDOM
 R.H. Whittaker proposed a five kingdom classification in 1969.
 Kingdom Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
 On the basis of four criteria, R.H. Whittaker introduced a new five kingdom classification.
 (i) Complexity of cell structure – Prokaryote to Eukaryote.
 (ii) Modes of nutrition- Autotrophs and Heterotrophs.
 (iii) Body organization – Unicellular and Multicellular.
 Phylogenetic or evolutionary relationship.
Kingdom Monera (kingdom of Prokaryotes)

 Includes all prokaryotic organisms. i.e mycoplasma, bacteria, actinomycetes and
Cyanobacteria (blue green algae).
Characteristics:

 They are microscopic.
 Do not possess a true nucleus.
 Lack membrane bound organelles.
 Mode of nutrition is autotrophic.
 Some bacteria are chemosynthetic. E.g. Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter.
 Many other bacteria like Rhizobium and Azotobacter can fix atmospheric nitrogen into
ammonia. This phenomenon is called as biological nitrogen fixation.
 Some bacteria are parasites and others live as symbionts.
 Monerans like Archaebacteria live in extreme environmental conditions like absence of
oxygen, high temperature and highly acidic soils.
Kingdom Protista
 Includes eukaryotic, unicellular, mostly aquatic cells.
 Nutrition varies from autotrophic to heterotrophic.
 Well organized nuclei and membrane bound organelles.

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