Page 417 - General Knowledge

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2019

 Used to compare the movements in normal intestinal tract.

Sphygmomanometer
 Used to measure blood pressure.
 Derived from Greek word sphygmus (pulse) plus the scientific (physical) term manometer.
 BP in artery varies during cardiac cycle.
 Cardiac cycle – cycle of events takes place during one systole and diastole of heart.
 Systolic pressure – Left ventricle forcing blood into aorta, the pressure rises to a peak.
 Diastolic pressure – Pressure falls and lowest value reached.
 Normal BP – 120/80 mm Hg. Here, 120 denotes systolic and 80 denotes diastolic pressure.
 Two types of sphygmomanometer – Monometric and Digital type.
 Sphygmomanometer helps to estimate the blood circulation and working of heart.
 Helps to diagnose increase and reduction in BP.

Haemocytometer
 Haemocytometry - Counting of blood cells after proper dilution.
 Instrument used to count blood cells is known as Haemocytometer.
 By using this method, red cells, platelets and white blood cells are often counted.
ECG (Electrocardiogram)

 Records the electric potential changes that occur in the heart during cardiac cycle.
 Recorded from surface of the body.
 Waves of ECG are due to polarization.
 First recorded by Waller in 1887 with capillary electrometer.
 Normal ECG consists of five waves P, Q, R, S and T.
Computed Tomography Scan (CT scan)
 Use of a digital computer together with rotating x-ray device to create cross sectional images.
 Invaluable tool in cancer diagnosis process.
 Preferred for diagnosing liver, lung and pancreatic cancer.
 CT imaging and CT angiography finds a greater role in detection, diagnosis and treatment of
heart diseases.

 To measure extent of osteoporosis.
 Best application in trauma cases for internal bleeding in patients.
Laproscopy (Endoscopy)
 To examine the interior of a body cavity.
 Types – Bronchoscopy – Trachea and lung‘s bronchial trees.
 Colonoscopy – colon and large intestine.
 Colposcopy – Vagina and cervix.

 Cystoscopy – Bladder, urethra, urinary tract.
 Gastroscopy – Oesophagus, stomach and intestine.
 Laryngoscopy – Larynx or voice box.
 Proctoscopy – Pleura, pleural spaces.
 Laparoscopy – stomach, liver and other abdominal organs including female reproductive
organs like fallopian tube.
 Arthroscopy – joints like knee.

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