Page 412 - General Knowledge

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2019

 Prostate gland – Secretes an alkaline fluid and makes the sperm active.
 Cowper‘s gland – Secretes an alkaline white lubricating fluid.
 Penis – Passes urine and deposits sperms in female genital tract.

 Males can produce sperms throughout their life beginning at the age of 13-14 years.
 Due to masculine hormones, bodily hair grows.

Female Reproductive System
 Ovaries – To produce ova and hormones.
 Oviducts – to move the ovum towards uterus.
 Uterus – provides space for developing child.
 Vagina – To receive the sperms.
 If sperm is present, egg will be fertilized at the junction of fallopian tube.
 On maturity, ovary releases an ovum after every 28 days.
 Gestation period – Embryo develops for nine months in uterus.
 First milk which comes out from the mother‘s mammary gland after child birth is called
colostrum.
Menstrual Cycle
 Reproductive period of human female is from puberty (10-14 years) to menopause (40-50
yrs.).
 Menopause is stopping of ovulation at the age of 40 to 55.
 Periodic vaginal bleeding during menstrual cycle is called menstruation.

 Average menstrual cycle is 28 days.
Endocrine System
 Includes endocrine or ductless glands. Their secretion is known as hormones.
 Types of hormones: Steroids, Peptides, Amino acid derivatives.
 Various glands are as follows:
 Hypothalamus – Part of forebrain and regulates the pituitary glands. Maintains
homeostasis.

 Pituitary gland – Governs glands like thyroid, adrenal and gonads.
 Also known as ‗master gland‘.
 Thyroid gland – Largest endocrine gland.
 Located in neck region. Also known as pace setter of endocrine system.
 Thyroxine – regulates BMR, physical, mental and sexual development.
 Pancreas – Both an endocrine and exocrine gland.
 Types of cells – Alpha, Beta and Delta cells.
 Adrenal gland – Known as emergency gland.
 Cortex is outer layer whereas Medulla is inner layer.
 Increases blood glucose level, BP and cardiac output.

 Pineal gland – Situated in the brain and also known as clockwork gland.
 Regulates the ovaries.
 Gonads – Secrete steroid hormones.
 Oestrogen –They are ovarian hormones.
 Helps in development of primary and secondary sexual products.
 Androgens – They are testicular hormones.

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