Page 411 - General Knowledge

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2019

 Acidic in nature, heavier than water, faint aromatic odour.
 Daily urine output in normal adult is 1.5 – 1.8 L.
 Chemical composition of urine: water – 95-96%, urea – 2%, some other subatances like uric
acid, creatinine etc are 2-3%.

 Haemodialysis – Process of removal of excess urea from blood of patient using artificial
kidney.

 Kidney stones are generally calcium oxalate crystals.
Nervous System
 Provides the fastest means of communication within the body.
 Two types: Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system.
Central Nervous System
 Brain lies in the cranium of skull.
 Cerebrospinal fluid is present in brain and spinal cord.
 Forebrain – Cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus.
 Cerebrum – Leads to consciousness. Store memory information.
 Thalamus- Deals with touch, visual system, sleep and wakefulness.
 Hypothalamus – Deals with water balance in body, behavioural patterns of sex, sleep,
stress emotions etc.
 Hindbrain – Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata.
 Cerebellum – Controls coordination of accurate movements and balance.
 Medulla Oblongata – Connecting of brain to spinal cord. Deals with control of heart beats,
blood vessels and uncontrolled movements.
Spinal Cord
 Deals with impulse to and from the brain.
 Centre for reflex actions like blinking of the eye.

 Acquired reflex action also called conditioned reflex.
 First demonstrated by Ivan Petrovich.
Peripheral Nervous System
 Collective term for nervous system that does not lie within CNS.
 Composed of cranial and spinal nerves.
 In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
 Divided into two divisions – Autonomous Nervous system (ANS) and Somatic Nervous
System (SNS).
Reproductive System
 Process by which offspring/new individuals are produced by their parents is known as
reproduction.
 Organs used for reproduction are called reproductive system.
Male Reproductive System
 Main function is to deliver sperm to an egg for the purpose of fertilization.
 Testes – Produces sperm and testosterone.
 Sperm duct – Conducts sperms from testes to urethra.

 Seminal Vesicles – Secretes seminal plasma.
 Epididymis – Temporarily stores sperm and provides mobility.
 Urethra – Conducts urine and sperms.

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