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30/10/2025, 00:02 Pharmaceutical Solutions & Sterile Dosage Forms
Nasal drops
Nasal solutions: aqueous solutions administered in the nose (drops, spray) and should be like
nasal secretion in isotonicity and pH (5.5 – 6.5), why?
Ear drops
Ear drops = otic or aural preparations are solutions of one or more active ingredient which exert
a local effect in the ear. Used for removal of excess ear wax or treatment of infection,
inflammation or pain.
May be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions.
Non-aqueous vehicles are predominantly used when ear wax removal is desired as ear wax can
solubilize in them.
Solutions do not need to be isotonic as they are external preparations.
The preparation should be viscous to increase the drug retention time in the ear.
Viscous liquids as glycerin and propylene glycol are used alone or with surfactants (docusate
sodium) to facilitate removal or cerumen (ear wax).
Concerning aqueous preparation, the patient should be counseled to remain on side for few
minutes why?
Enemas
They are solutions for rectal administration to exert either local or systemic effect.
Two types according to purpose either evacuation or retention enemas.
Evacuation enemas (local) contain osmotic laxatives for treatment of constipation.
Retention enemas are applied for local (corticosteroid enema for ulcerative colitis) or
systemic effect (aminophylline as bronchodilator).
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