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METALWORKING EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS PROFESSIONAL ADVICE

The results of determining the complex of mechanical properties of hard alloy coatings Aggregate-modular principle as the most progressive
(Table 1.1.) Allow us to note that multilayer intermediate coatings obtained by electric arc
spraying simultaneously increase their strength and toughness: ultimate strength in bending - method of designing of equipment and mechanical
up to 15%, impact strength - up to 30%, ultimate strength in compression and hardness - up engineering products
to 5%. Part 3
The increase in the durability of hard-alloy coatings is ensured by an increase in their The used disposable launch vehicles were developed, as a rule, based
strength and a simultaneous increase in plastic properties in the near-contact diffusion layer. on intercontinental ballistic missiles, and cost indicators were not the main
Research results (Fig. 1) show that the degree of increase in deformability increases criterion for their creation. The most acute issue was the reduction of the cost
with an increase in the diffusion transition zone and the content of cobalt and nickel in the of launching payload in connection with the widespread commercialization of
alloy. Strengthening of the coating is associated with a change in the physical and mechanical space activities. Government agencies of the leading space countries are
properties of the intermediate zone and is determined by the degree of dissolution of the binder also showing interest in the problem of cheapening of launches due to a
phase in it due to the additional dissolution of tungsten and titanium in it. decrease in budget allocations for space.
An analysis of the work carried out
abroad shows that the main way leading to a
decrease in the cost of launching payloads into
space using jet engines is multiple. At the initial
stage, the multiplicity of reproduction of the
constituent elements of the carriers, i.e. use
of block structures. The next stage is modular
construction of launch systems, creation
of carrier families based on basic modules.
Moreover, finally, the final stage is the repeated
use of the launch vehicles themselves.
Launch vehicles are a very expensive
pleasure. The high cost of launch vehicles has
now actually begun to slow down the further
development of space activities: the current Light class Middle class Heavy class Super heavy
cost of putting 1 kg of payload into orbit is 20 class
Angara - 1.1 Angara -1.2 Angara- 3A Angara 5 - A Angara - 5A

... 25 thousand dollars. UKVB
Block-based launch vehicles, consisting launch mass, ton 145 167 478 772 790
payload mass during launches from the Plesetsk cosmodrome in orbit
of a large number of identical elements, have low 28.5
H kp = 200 km, i = 63˚ 2.0 3.7 14 24.5
long attracted space technology developers. In low
combination with the use of elements already H kp = 5500 km, i = 63˚ - - 2.3 6.6 (5.2 with Breeze) 8.0
geostationary - - 1.0 4.0 (2.8 with Breeze) 5.0
created and worked out in the framework of
Fig. 1. Axial (q) and stress versus permanent deformation at compression of carbide specimens: 1 - uncoated, 2 - with an other programs, this approach promised to give a Fig. 1. "Angara" launch vehicle
intermediate Cu - Ni coating.
good economic effect. Moreover, the term multi-
block or poli-block in this case is used in relation In the medium and heavy version of
to the layout diagram not only of individual the "Angara", the fuel tanks are located in
stages, but also of the carrier as a whole. the center of the structure, and the oxidizer
Back in 1995, Russia approved a project tanks are located around the central modules.
to create a new generation of launch vehicles Each universal module is equipped with one
for launching into space various cargoes with powerful liquid-propellant jet engine RD
masses from 1.5 to 35 tons. The Angara launch 191M. RD 191M is based on the four-chamber
Sh. A. Karimov, candidate technical sciences,
Tashkent State Technical University, vehicle being created within the framework of engine used on the Energia launch vehicle
The Republic of Uzbekistan. this project should replace the currently used and the currently used engine of the Zenit
Protons, Zeniths, etc. A universal space rocket launch vehicle (RD 170, 171). The "Angara
complex is being created, which will allow 1.1" and "Angara 1.2" light-class carriers use
launching three classes of rockets into orbit - one universal module, and the heavy-class
light (with a payload of up to 3.5 tons), middle carrier rocket (5A) already has five.
class (up to 14.6 tons) and heavy class (up to
24.5 tons). The upper stages on the Angara 1.1
References:
1. Avseevich O.I. On the laws of erosion at impulse discharges. M. Mechanical Engineering, 1982. pp. 32 - 42. The strategic idea of the "Angara" launch light class rocket are the "Breeze" upper
2. Doroshkin N.N., Abramovich T.N., Yaroshevich V.K. Impulse methods of applying powder coatings. Mn., Science and vehicle is that the launch vehicles of different stage, which has passed flight tests as part
technology, 1985, 279 p. payload capacity are composed of standard block- of the "Rokot" conversion launch vehicle, and
3. Shatinsky V.F., Nesterenko A.N. Protective diffusion coatings. Kiev, Science dumka. 1988, 272 p
modules with a high degree of interchangeability. on the "Angara 1.2" rocket, the third stage
The unified module on oxygen + kerosene created for the modernized "Soyuz" launch
components is a complete structure consisting of vehicle.
oxidizer and fuel tanks, connected by a spacer,
and an engine compartment.

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