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Appendix 4

Short forms (he's / I'd / don't etc.)

In spoken English we usually pronounce 'I am' as one word. The short form (I'm) is a way of writing

this:
000
TTT
I am I'm I'm feeling tired this morning.

it is it's 'Do you I ike this jacket?' 'Yes, it's n ice:

they have they've 'Where are your friends?' 'They've gone home.'

etc.

When we write short forms, we use ' (an apostrophe):

I :Xm ➔ I'm he~ ➔ he's you ~ ve ➔ you've she MIi ➔ she'll

We use these forms with I/he/she etc. :

,n,s,r,v,sHi1·
TTTTTTTT
am I'm
. ,
is he's she's It's
ee
are were you're they're
’
’
have I've weve you've they've
. ,
has he's she's It's
니"~거 ___
had he'd she'd we'd you'd they'd
_거
will he'll she'll we'll you'll they'll

wou ld he'd she'd we'd you'd they'd

。 I've got some new shoes.

。 We'll probably go out this evening.

。 It's 7 0 o'clock. You're late again.

's = is or has:

0 She's going out this evening. (she's going = she is going)

0 She's gone out. (she's gone = she has gone)

'd = would or had:

0 A: What would you like to eat?

'
'
。 B: I d l i ke a sa la d, p l ea s e. ( I d l i ke = I wo u ld l i ke )
I told the police that I'd lost my passport. (I'd lost = I had lost)

Do not use 'm/'s/'d etc. at the end of a sentence 尸 Unit 40):

0 /\re you tired?' 'Yes, I am.' (not Yes, I'm.)

0 She isn't tired, but he is. (not he's)

We use short forms with I/you/he/she etc., but you can use short forms (especial ly 's) with other

words too:
000000

Who's your favourite singer? (= who is)

What's the time? (= what is)

There's a bi ig tree i n the garden. (= there is)

My sister's working in London. (= my sister is working)

Paul's gone out. (= Paul has gone out)

’
at
What colour's your car? (= What col colour is your car?)

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