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Appendix 4

Negative short forms 曰 Unit 43):
. , l
isn't (= is not) : don't (= do not) can't
’ (= can not)

aren't (= are not) doesn ’ 't (= does not) couldn't (= cou ld not)
’
’
wasn't (= was not) didn't (= did not) won't (= wi ll not)

’ (= were not)
weren't wouldn ’ 't (= would not)
’
hasn't (= has not) shouldn't (= shou Id not)

haven't (= have not) mustn't (= must not)

hadn't (= had not)

0 We went to her house, but she wasn't at home.

0 'Where's David?' 'I don't know. I haven't seen him.'

0 You work all the time. You shouldn't work so hard.

0 I won't be here tomorrow. (= I will not)

's (apostrophe 十 s)

's can mean different things:

(1 ) 's = is or has ( s = is or has (➔ section 4.2 of this appendix)

0 It's rain ing. (= It is rain ing)

0 It's stopped raining. (= It has stopped)

(2) let's = let us (➔ Units 35, 53)

0 It's a lovely day. Let's go out. (= Let us go out.)

(3) Kate's camera = her camera

my brother's car = his car

the manager's office = his/her office etc.

曰 Unit64)

Compare:

0 Kate's camera was very expensive. (Kate's camera = her camera)

。 Kate's a very good photographer. (Kate's = Kate is)

0 Kate's got a new camera. (Kate's got = Kate has got)

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