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allow others to do so. Information processing: quite apart from our
response to others' feelings, we also need to be able to

process the information rnay tell us the moment we get it.

5. Characteristics of Speaking as Speech Production

To understand what is involved in developing oral skills, it
is useful to consider the nature and conditions of speech.

According to Bygate in Carter & Nunan (2001: 16) most current

approaches draw on a psycholinguistic skills- (or 'information')
processing model. Levelt in Carter & Nunan (2001: 16)

proposed that speech production involves four major processes:

conceptualization, formulation, articulation, and self-monitoring.
a. Conceptualization is concerned with planning

the message content. It draws on background
knowledge, knowledge about the topic, about the speech

situation and on knowledge of patterns of discourse. The
conceptualizer includes a 'monitor', which checks

everything that occurs in the interaction to ensure

that the communication goes to plan. This enables
speakers to self-correct for expression, grammar and

pronunciation.
b. After conceptualization, the formulator finds the

words and phrases to express the meanings, sequencing
them and putting in appropriate grammatical markers

(such as inflections, auxiliaries, articles). It also

prepares the sound patterns of the words to be used: LI
errors of pronunciation very commonly involve
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