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Coopersmith in Guindon (2010: 8) argued that self-esteem
is a self- evaluation of personal worthiness. It is a judgmental
process in which “performance, capacities, and attributes” are
examined according to personal standards and values that
developed during childhood which comprised of two parts:
subjective expression and behavioral manifestation. He also
added that individuals with high self-esteem have confidence
in their perceptions and judgments and view themselves as
being capable of resolving their own problems. (Coopersmith in
Guindon, 2010: 19).
According to Coopersmith “Children are not born with
concerns of being good or bad, smart or stupid, lovable or
unlovable. They develop these ideas. They form self-images
pictures of themselves based largely on the way they are
treated by the significant people, the parents, teachers, and
peers, in their lives. The self-image is the content of a
person’s perceptions and opinions about him or herself. The
positive or negative attitudes and values by which a person
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