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and hostility may be expressed as either passive or active

forms of rejection. These passive and active forms of

rejection express disinterest, disapproval, and distaste for the

child. Acceptance has an enhancing effect upon self-esteem while

parental rejection contributes to a diminished sense of self-worth

(Coopersmith in Gaspard 2010: 29).

d. School or Academic Self-Esteem

Pascal in Roberts (2002: 90) states that “Obviously it is

important that children do learn to behave in ways that are

socially acceptable. In addition, schools should be established

as places where it is safe to explore and experiment, where

making mistakes is seen as normal and useful, and where

questions and discussions are encouraged.

Many would argue that this happens already; undoubtedly

it is their intention that children should feel this way about

school. However, we do need to question children’s actual

perceptions about appropriate learning behaviour at school”.

Furthermore, Branden (1994: 221) added that since the

experience of mastering new challenges is essential to the

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