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after a fall; the more energy we have to begin a new
(Branden 1994: 6).
b. Social Self-Esteem
This refers to the extent to which a pupil feels
comfortable and secure in his or her emotional and social
relationships. It draws upon the pupil’s sense of happiness; of
ease with self and own identity; quality of peer relationships
and friendships; their sense of being valued; of social centrality;
and of their enjoyment of school.
According to social identity theory Tajfel in Gaspard
(2010: 39) defined the term as “that aspect of an individual’s self-
concept which derives from his knowledge or membership in a
social group (or groups) together with the value and emotional
significance attached to that membership”. Crocker et al. in
Gaspard (2010: 39) viewed social identity through the lens of
social identity theory “as a function of how one privately
evaluates one’s groups, how one believes others evaluate those
groups, and how identified one is with those groups”.
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