Page 39 - Step and repeat document 1

Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem, June-July 1990. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & αγγε.
pseudepigraphon attempts to defend the sovereignty of God. He is good and trustworthy. Jews ἀληθείᾳ πάσῃ· οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλʼ ὅσα ἀκούσει λαλήσει καὶ τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀν
BIBLIOGRAPHY GABRIEL BARKAY

suffering now for their faith shall be ultimately vindicated with salvation and a blessed life. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. pp. 106-109.
John 16:13).
BIBLIOGRAPHY GABRIEL BARKAY
23. Barkay, G. (1994). Excavations at Ketef Hinnom in Jerusalem. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Ancient

*
Another person, in another apocalyptic document, the History of the Rechabites, describes
1. Barkay, G., et al. (1974). Archaeological Survey in the Northern Bashan: (Preliminary the Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pp. 85-106.
Do we not need such hope now? Do we not desperately need someone who “does not speak only
Land of the Blessed Ones. It is an island on which there is only peace, happiness, and concord.
Report) Israel Exploration Journal 24. pp. 173-184. 24. Barkay, G. (1994). A Second "Governor of the City" Bulla. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Ancient
for himself” (οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ)? More than ever, we need someone who is divinely
ἀληθείᾳ πάσῃ· οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλʼ ὅσα ἀκούσει λαλήσει καὶ τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀναγγε.
pseudepigraphon attempts to defend the sovereignty of God. He is good and trustworthy. Jews
1. Barkay, G., et al. (1974). Archaeological Survey in the Northern Bashan: (Preliminary Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pp. 141-144.*
2. Barkay, G., Kloner, A. (1976). Notes and News: Burial Caves North Damascus Gate,
chosen and will announce the future to us (cf. τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀναγγε). Is our future defined by horrors
John 16:13).
suffering now for their faith shall be ultimately vindicated with salvation and a blessed life.
Report) Israel Exploration Journal 24. pp. 173-184. 25. Barkay, G., Kloner, A., Mazar, A. (1994). The Northern Necropolis of Jerusalem During
The author of Pseudo-Philo, perhaps a Jew, writing before 30 CE (Harrington in OTP 2.299) or
Jerusalem. Israel Exploration Journal 26. pp. 55-57.

2. Barkay, G., Kloner, A. (1976). Notes and News: Burial Caves North Damascus Gate, like the Twin Towers falling in flames; threatening wars from Ethiopia, Ukraine, Russia,
3. Barkay, G. (1976). Notes and News: St. Andrew's Church, Jerusalem. Israel Exploration
Do we not need such hope now? Do we not desperately need someone who “does not speak only
the First Temple Period. in: Geva, H. (Ed.). Ancient Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: Israel
Another person, in another apocalyptic document, the History of the Rechabites, describes the
before 66 CE (Bogaert in SC 230; p. 74), shared the following prophecy of the future, obviously
Jerusalem. Israel Exploration Journal 26. pp. 55-57. Afghanistan, North Korea, Iran, and elsewhere; abominable deadly plagues called famine and
for himself” (οὐ γὰρ λαλήσει ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ)? More than ever, we need someone who is divinely
Exploration Society. pp. 119-127.*
Land of the Blessed Ones. It is an island on which there is only peace, happiness, and concord.
representing in one paragraph what many Jews during the time of Hillel and Jesus imagined. They
Journal 26. pp. 57-58.
Covid-19; threatening dark clouds rising notably from Iran and China; and nations without
3. Barkay, G. (1976). Notes and News: St. Andrew's Church, Jerusalem. Israel Exploration 26. Barkay, G. (1995). The King of Babylonia or a Judaean Official? Israel Exploration

chosen and will announce the future to us (cf. τὰ ἐρχόμενα ἀναγγε). Is our future defined by horrors
4. Barkay, G. (1977). A Coin of Alexander Jannaeus from Cyprus. Israel Exploration
12
were convinced they heard God promise:
Journal 26. pp. 57-58. adequate leadership in a world tipping in the wrong directions? Why have horrors and fears
like the Twin Towers falling in flames; threatening wars from Ethiopia, Ukraine, Russia,
The author of Pseudo-Philo, perhaps a Jew, writing before 30 CE (Harrington in OTP 2.299) or
Journal 45(1). pp. 41-47.
Journal 27. pp. 119-120.

increasingly become the daily substance for too many minds? Has our world not been defined by
4. Barkay, G. (1977). A Coin of Alexander Jannaeus from Cyprus. Israel Exploration 27. Barkay, G. & Vaughn, A.G. (1995). An Official Seal Impression from Lachish
before 66 CE (Bogaert in SC 230; p. 74), shared the following prophecy of the future, obviously
Afghanistan, North Korea, Iran, and elsewhere; abominable deadly plagues called famine and
5. Barkay, G. (1978). A Group of Iron Age Scale Weights. Israel Exploration Journal 28, 4.
And I shall bring the dead to life (et vivificabo mortuos) and raise up those who are sleeping
Journal 27. pp. 119-120. leaders who seem blinded? Where now is the vision of the ancient apocalyptists who not only
Covid-19; threatening dark clouds rising notably from Iran and China; and nations without
representing in one paragraph what many Jews during the time of Hillel and Jesus imagined. They
Reconsidered. Tel Aviv 22,1. pp. 94-97.
pp. 209-217.
from the earth. And hell (infernus) will pay back its debt, and the place of perdition will
warned of disasters but also envisioned, even promised, the establishment of the kingdom of God
adequate leadership in a world tipping in the wrong directions? Why have horrors and fears
were convinced they heard God promise:
5. Barkay, G. (1978). A Group of Iron Age Scale Weights. Israel Exploration Journal 28, 4. 28. Barkay, G. (1996). A Late Bronze Age Egyptian Temple in Jerusalem? Israel Exploration
12
6. Barkay, G. (1979). The Cubit of the Old Standard - Archaeological Consideration of a
increasingly become the daily substance for too many minds? Has our world not been defined by

pp. 209-217. return its deposit so that I may render to each according to his works (secundum opera sua) on earth?
Journal 46(1/2). pp. 23-43.
Problem in Biblical Metrology. in: Sixth Archaeological Conference in Israel (Tel-Aviv,
and according to the fruits of his own devices, until I judge between soul and flesh.
leaders who seem blinded? Where now is the vision of the ancient apocalyptists who not only
And I shall bring the dead to life (et vivificabo mortuos) and raise up those who are sleeping
6. Barkay, G. (1979). The Cubit of the Old Standard - Archaeological Consideration of a 29. Barkay, G., & Vaughn, A. (1996). New Readings of Hezekian Official Seal Impressions.
14-15 March 1979). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pg. 35.
And the world will cease, and death will be abolished, and hell will shut its mouth. And the
from the earth. And hell (infernus) will pay back its debt, and the place of perdition will
In light of the darkness, too evident in the past and in the present, how do we dare to dream what
Problem in Biblical Metrology. in: Sixth Archaeological Conference in Israel (Tel-Aviv, warned of disasters but also envisioned, even promised, the establishment of the kingdom of God
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 304. pp. 29-54.
7. Broshi, M., Barkay, G. (1985). Excavations in the Chapel of St. Vartan in the Holy
earth will not be without progeny or sterile for those inhabiting it; and no one who has been
on earth?
return its deposit so that I may render to each according to his works (secundum opera sua)
today many accept as “the un-dream-able” dream”? How does hope spring up again? We may note
14-15 March 1979). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. pg. 35. 30. Barkay, G. (1996). A Balance Beam from Tel Lachish. Tel Aviv 23,1. pp. 75-82.
Sepulchre. Israel Exploration Journal 35, 2/3. pp 108-128.
and according to the fruits of his own devices, until I judge between soul and flesh.

pardoned by me will be tainted. And there will be another earth and another heaven, an
that the first insight warns us about the path to destruction. The second insight provides us with
7. Broshi, M., Barkay, G. (1985). Excavations in the Chapel of St. Vartan in the Holy 13 31. Barkay, G. & Vaughn, A. G. (1996). "Lmlk" and Official Seal Impressions from Tel
8. Barkay, G. (1983). The Divine Name Found in Jerusalem. Biblical Archaeology Review 9,
And the world will cease, and death will be abolished, and hell will shut its mouth. And the
everlasting dwelling place (Et erit terra alia et celum aliud, habitaculum sempiternum.).
language that might enable dreams to pop up, unexpectedly, before each of us.
Sepulchre. Israel Exploration Journal 35, 2/3. pp 108-128. In light of the darkness, too evident in the past and in the present, how do we dare to dream what
*
Lachish. Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv 23,1 (1996) 61-74.
today many accept as “the un-dream-able” dream”? How does hope spring up again? We may note
2. pp. 14-19.
earth will not be without progeny or sterile for those inhabiting it; and no one who has been

[PsPhilo 3:10; Harrington in OTP 2.307]
8. Barkay, G. (1983). The Divine Name Found in Jerusalem. Biblical Archaeology Review 9, 32. Barkay, G. (1997). Politics - Not Religious Law - Rules Ultra-Orthodox Demonstrators.

that the first insight warns us about the path to destruction. The second insight provides us with
pardoned by me will be tainted. And there will be another earth and another heaven, an
9. Barkay, G. (1986). Jerusalem of Old Testament Times: New Discoveries and New

2. pp. 14-19. everlasting dwelling place (Et erit terra alia et celum aliud, habitaculum sempiternum.). Imagining a Place Phenomenologically Means Imaging Being Present There
Biblical Archaeology Review 23(6). pp. 56-57, 77. pectedly, before each of us.
language that might enable dreams to pop up, unex
13
Approaches. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 5. pp. 32-43.
In this one concise paragraph, we find early Jewish beliefs in God’s resurrection of the dead, works
9. Barkay, G. (1986). Jerusalem of Old Testament Times: New Discoveries and New 33. Barkay, G. (1998). A Signet Ring of Alexander. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel
15
In Phenomenology of Perception, Maurice Merleau-Ponty illustrated that to ponder a distant land
[PsPhilo 3:10; Harrington in OTP 2.307]

10. Barkay, G. (1986). The Garden Tomb: Was Jesus Buried Here?. Biblical Archaeology
of righteousness, the judgment of soul and flesh, the ending of the world, the abolishment of death,
Approaches. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 5. pp. 32-43. is to imagine oneself present to perceive and be blessed by that alluring vista. Hence, when we
Imagining a Place Phenomenologically Means Imaging Being Present There

Archaeological Society 16. pp. 65-69.
Review 12,2. pp. 40-53, 56-57.
the promise of a fruitful habitation (habitaculum), and finally an assurance that “there will be
10. Barkay, G. (1986). The Garden Tomb: Was Jesus Buried Here?. Biblical Archaeology 34. Deutsch, R., Barkay, G. (1999). A Storage-Jar Handle with Two Hebrew Personal Seal
15
In Phenomenology of Perception, Maurice Merleau-Ponty illustrated that to ponder a distant land
In this one concise paragraph, we find early Jewish beliefs in God’s resurrection of the dead, works
dream about the world envisioned, for example, by Isaiah and the authors of 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch,
11. Barkay, G., Kloner, (1986). Jerusalem Tombs from the Days of the First Temple. Biblical
another earth and another heaven (erit terra alia et celum aliud).”
Review 12,2. pp. 40-53, 56-57. 14 is to imagine oneself present to perceive and be blessed by that alluring vista. Hence, when we
of righteousness, the judgment of soul and flesh, the ending of the world, the abolishment of death,
we may conceivably participate in life-restoring events. With the early Jews and Christians, who
Impressions. in: Deutsch, R. (Ed.). West Semitic Epigraphic News of the First Millenium
Archaeology Review. 12,2. pp. 22-39.
11. Barkay, G., Kloner, (1986). Jerusalem Tombs from the Days of the First Temple. Biblical dream about the world envisioned, for example, by Isaiah and the authors of 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch,
the promise of a fruitful habitation (habitaculum), and finally an assurance that “there will be
in antiquity suffered burning cities and landscapes, crucifixions, and martyrdoms, today we -
BCE. Tel Aviv: Archaeological Center. pp. 81-85.
12. Barkay, G. (1988). Burial Headrests as a Return to the Womb: A Reevaluation. Biblical
It should now be undeniable
Archaeology Review. 12,2. pp. 22-39. that almost all so-called Christian ideas were originally Jewish. I 35. Sinibaldi, M., Goodfriend, G. A., Barkay, G., Marchese, S. and Gil-av, E. (1999). Aspartic rhaps
another earth and another heaven (erit terra alia et celum aliud).”
14
we may conceivably participate in life-restoring events. With the early Jews and Christians, who
within a world belching toxic smoke, and deadly circumstances - may hold on to hope, and pe
Archaeology Review 14 (2). pp. 48-50.
stated that in a faculty meeting and a person who held a distinguished chair exclaimed out in alarm

12. Barkay, G. (1988). Burial Headrests as a Return to the Womb: A Reevaluation. Biblical in antiquity suffered burning cities and landscapes, crucifixions, and martyrdoms, today we -
dream.
Acid Racemization in Teeth from Ketef Hinnom, a Late Holocene Burial Cave in
13. Barkay, G. (1988). To Gehenna and Back: The Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem. Israel Land
It should now be undeniable that almost all so-called Christian ideas were originally Jewish. I
and disagreement; that colleague
Archaeology Review 14 (2). pp. 48-50. obviously missed the point that Paul espoused each of these within a world belching toxic smoke, and deadly circumstances - may hold on to hope, and perhaps
Jerusalem: Evidence for Reuse. Geoarchaeology 14. pp. 441–454.
and Nature 13. pp. 123-129.

dream.
stated that in a faculty meeting and a person who held a distinguished chair exclaimed out in alarm
concepts and proudly claimed them to be thoroughly Jewish.
13. Barkay, G. (1988). To Gehenna and Back: The Hinnom Valley, Jerusalem. Israel Land 36. Avigad, N., Barkay, G. (2000). The "LMLK" and Related Seal Impressions. in: Geva, H. is not
Our task as professors and scholars is to live and share this transcending experience. It
14. Barkay, G. (1989). Another Palaeo-Hebrew Ossuary Inscription. Israel Exploration
and disagreement; that colleague obviously missed the point that Paul espoused each of these

and Nature 13. pp. 123-129. enough to read a sacred text. One must inculcate some of its wisdom and promises. Dreams without
Journal 39(3/4). pp. 201-203.
(Ed.). Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman is not
concepts and proudly claimed them to be thoroughly Jewish.
Just as the foregoing words were pondered, and perhaps written, conceivably before his
14. Barkay, G. (1989). Another Palaeo-Hebrew Ossuary Inscription. Israel Exploration Our task as professors and scholars is to live and share this transcending experience. It
enough to read a sacred text. One must inculcate some of its wisdom and promises. Dreams without
Avigad, 1969-1982, Vol. 1. pp. 243-266.
foundations are illusionary. We need to regain the perception that divinely inspired hopes are

15. Barkay, G. (1990). A Bowl with the Hebrew Inscription שדק. Israel Exploration Journal
crucifixion, Jesus’ followers reported that he promised the appearance of the Spirit of Truth: “But
Journal 39(3/4). pp. 201-203. 37. Barkay, G. (2000). What's an Egyptian Temple Doing in Jerusalem? Biblical Archaeology
foundations are illusionary. We need to regain the perception that divinely inspired hopes are
40(2/3). pp. 124-129. g words were pondered, and perhaps written, conceivably before his
Just as the foregoin
when that one comes, (namely) the Spirit of Truth, he will guide you in all the truth.
15. Barkay, G. (1990). A Bowl with the Hebrew Inscription שדק. Israel Exploration Journal For he will reliable. Realistic apocalyptic imaginations can arise out of the worst calamities; for example, after
reliable. Realistic apocalyptic imaginations can arise out of the worst calamities; for example, after
Review 26(3). pp. 48-57.
crucifixion, Jesus’ followers reported that he promised the appearance of the Spirit of Truth: “But
16. Barkay, G. (1991). 'Your Poor Brother' A Note on an Inscribed Bowl from Beth Shemesh.
the burning of the Temple in Jerusalem, Jews crafted the masterpieces now labeled Fourth Ezra
not speak from his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will disclose the
40(2/3). pp. 124-129. 38. Bautch, R., Coblentz Bautch, K., Barkay, G., Guise Sheridan, S. (2000). "The Vessels of
the burning of the Temple in Jerusalem, Jews crafted the masterpieces now labeled Fourth Ezra
when that one comes, (namely) the Spirit of Truth, he will guide you in all the truth. For he will
Israel Exploration Journal 41(4). pp. 239-241.
things that are coming” (ὅταν δὲ ἔλθῃ ἐκεῖνος, τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας, ὁδηγήσει
16. Barkay, G. (1991). 'Your Poor Brother' A Note on an Inscribed Bowl from Beth Shemesh. ὑμᾶς ἐν τῇ and many other apocalypses, including the Jewish sections in Revelation. We must follow the
and many other apocalypses, including the Jewish sections in Revelation. We must follow the
not speak from his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will disclose the
the Potter Shall Be Broken": The Material Culture from a Burial Cave at St. Étienne's
17. Barkay, G. (1991). Jerusalem: De David a la Destruction du Temple de Salomon. Les
wisdom of the ancients. Blessings are not reserved only for good times. They can be experienced
things that are coming” (ὅταν δὲ ἔλθῃ
Israel Exploration Journal 41(4). pp. 239-241. ἐκεῖνος, τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς ἀληθείας, ὁδηγήσει ὑμᾶς ἐν τῇ wisdom of the ancients. Blessings are not reserved only for good times. They can be experienced

Monastery, Jerusalem. ŕevue biblique 107. pp. 561-590.
Dossiers de l'Archeologie 165-166. pp. 32-45.
in the worst times when we have been shown how to hold onto God’s promises that his creation is
17. Barkay, G. (1991). Jerusalem: De David a la Destruction du Temple de Salomon. Les 39. Barkay, G. & Im, M. (2001). Egyptian Influence on the Painted Human Figures from
in the worst times when we have been shown how to hold onto God’s promises that his creation is

12
As usual, I reserve the right to make corrections to my edition or change capitalizations. The collection was
18. Barkay, G. (1992). The World's Oldest Poorbox. Biblical Archaeology Review 18(6). pp.

ָ ָָ֔
“very good” (ד ּ֑ ֹ אְמ בוֹ ָּ֖ ט־הנִּהְו השָׂע ר ֶ֣שֲא־לָכּ־תֶא ֙םיִּהלֱֹא א ְרַָּ֤יַּו). All early Jews and Christians knew that God

Dossiers de l'Archeologie 165-166. pp. 32-45. “very good” (ד ּ֑ ֹ אְמ בוֹ ָּ֖ ט־הנִּהְו ה ָ֔שָׂע ר ֶ֣שֲא־לָכּ־תֶא ֙םיִּהלֱֹא א ְרַָּ֤יַּו). All early Jews and Christians knew that God
12
As usual, I reserve
published before 1985. the right to make corrections to my edition or change capitalizations. The collection was
Kuntillet 'Ajrud. Tel Aviv 28,2. pp. 288-300
48-50.
could not be imagined to be stupid and misperceive of what Adam and Eve would do. God knew
could not be imagined to be stupid and misperceive of what Adam and Eve would do. God knew
18. Barkay, G. (1992). The World's Oldest Poorbox. Biblical Archaeology Review 18(6). pp. 40. Barkay, G., Fantalkin, A., & Tal, O. (2002). A Late Iron Age Fortress North of Jerusalem.
13 published before 1985.
See D.J. Harrington, Pseudo-Philon, Les antiquités bibliques. SC 230 (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1976) vol. 1, p.
19. Barkay, G. (1992). "The Prancing Horse". Tel Aviv 19,1. pp. 124-129.
that in the end his rule will triumph.
13
48-50. See D.J. Harrington, Pseudo-Philon, Les antiquités bibliques. SC 230 (Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, 1976) vol. 1, p. that in the end his rule will triumph.
72. Now, I cannot refrain myself from adding that my life has been enriched by so many wonderful women and men
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 328. pp. 49-72.
20. Barkay, G. (1992). The Priestly Benediction on Silver Plaques from Ketef Hinnom in

72. Now, I cannot refrain myself from adding that my life has been enriched by so many wonderful women and men
19. Barkay, G. (1992). "The Prancing Horse". Tel Aviv 19,1. pp. 124-129. 41. Barkay, G. (2003). Iron Age II Incised Potsherds and Potters' Marks. in: Geva, H. (Ed.).
who are world renowned; not I ponder to feel the joy I shared with Kathlene Kenyon, Adella Yarbro Collins, Lea
Jerusalem. Tel Aviv 19,2. pp. 139-192.
who are world renowned; not I ponder to feel the joy I shared with Kathlene Kenyon, Adella Yarbro Collins, Lea
Berkuz, Amy-Jill Levine, Roland de Vaux. Benoit. Callaway, Ernest Wright, Dan Harrington, and John Strugnell in
20. Barkay, G. (1992). The Priestly Benediction on Silver Plaques from Ketef Hinnom in Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem: V. 2. The Finds from Areas A,
Berkuz, Amy-Jill Levine, Roland de Vaux. Benoit. Callaway, Ernest Wright, Dan Harrington, and John Strugnell in
21. Barkay, G. (1993). A Bulla of Ishmael, the King's Son. Bulletin of the American Schools of
Jerusalem and with George MacRae in Rome. The respect I received from so many around the world helped me to
Jerusalem. Tel Aviv 19,2. pp. 139-192.
Jerusalem and with George MacRae in Rome. The respect I received from so many around the world helped me to
W and X-2. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew

Oriental Research 290/291. pp. 109-114.
have sufficient energy to edit the OTP and the DSS.
21. Barkay, G. (1993). A Bulla of Ishmael, the King's Son. Bulletin of the American Schools of 15 Phénoménologie de la perception was published in 1945 by Éditions Gallimard. In 1962, an English translation by
have sufficient energy to edit the OTP and the DSS.
University of Jerusalem. pp. 50-62.
15
14
22. Barkay, G. (1993). The Redefining of Archaeological Periods: Does the Date 588/586
Phénoménologie de la perception was published in 1945 by Éditions Gallimard. In 1962, an English translation by
I am pleased to note the early reference to Aliyah (erit terra alia) which is the term used by Jews (especially
14
Colin Smith was published by Routledge & Kegan Paul. In 2013, Routledge published an English translation by
I am pleased to note the early reference to Aliyah (erit terra alia) which is the term used by Jews (especially
Oriental Research 290/291. pp. 109-114. 42. Barkay, G., Lundberg, M., Vaughn, A., Zuckerman, B., & Zuckerman, K. (2003). The
B.C.E. Indeed Mark the End of the Iron Age Culture?. in: Biran, A. & Aviram, J. (Eds.).
Zionists) who return from the Diaspora to the geographical Land of Israel, the Holy Land. On the roads in Israel, I
Colin Smith was published by Routledge & Kegan Paul. In 2013, Routledge published an English translation by
Donald Landes. See Charlesworth, “Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenological Description of ‘Word,’” Philosophy and
Zionists) who return from the Diaspora to the geographical Land of Israel, the Holy Land. On the roads in Israel, I
22. Barkay, G. (1993). The Redefining of Archaeological Periods: Does the Date 588/586 Challenges of Ketef Hinnom. Near Eastern Archaeology 66(4). pp. 162-171. ‘Word,’” Philosophy and
often see “Aliyah” which means you are going up. Metaphorically one goes up to the Holy City, Jerusalem.
Donald Landes. See Charlesworth, “Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenological Description of
Phenomenological Research 30 (1970) 609-13.
Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990; Proceedings of the Second International Congress on
often see “Aliyah” which means you are going up. Metaphorically one goes up to the Holy City, Jerusalem.
B.C.E. Indeed Mark the End of the Iron Age Culture?. in: Biran, A. & Aviram, J. (Eds.). Phenomenological Research 30 (1970) 609-13.
Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990; Proceedings of the Second International Congress on
XXII 9

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Hinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental
Hinnom: A Ne w Editi o n an d Eva luation. Bullet in of the Am e rican Sc hools of Orie ntal Jearim (Deir el-‘Azhar): Archaeological Investigations of a Biblical Town in the Judean
representing Judea, were trapped in Jerusalem during the horrific war against Rome from 66 to 70,
And the leopard with the young goat shall lie down.
Researc h (334 ). pp. 41- 7 1. Hill Country.” Israel Exploration Journal 68. Pp 30-49.
Research (334). pp. 41-71.
which continued on at Masada until 73 or 74. With the Roman armies and future emperor, Titus,
And the calf and the young lion and the fattened-animal together.
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44. Ba 44. Barkay, G. (2003). Mounds of Mystery. Biblical Archaeology Review 29(3) 32-39. 63. Snyder, F., Barkay, G. and Dvira, Z. (2019). Reconstruction of a Crusader “opus sectile”
, G. (
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outside the walls of “the Holy City,” the two Jewish leaders continued to slaughter each other,
And a small boy shall lead them.
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45. Ba 45. Barkay, G., Ussishkin, D. (2004). The Late Bronze Age Strata. In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.). The floor in the dome of the rock based on “picturesque Palestine” illustrations and finds from
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even burning the other’s food supplies, and suffering unimaginable famine. It was so maddening

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Renew Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) I,2. Tel Aviv: Emery and the Temple Mount sifting project. Exploring the Holy Land 150. pp. 81-98.
d Ar
that, according to Josephus, a Jewish mother cooked and ate her infant son. When Jerusalem fell
Their young shall lie down together.
. pp. 316
olo
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rsit
v Unive
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c
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e
ti
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n Ar
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Claire representing Judea, were trapped in Jerusalem during the horrific war against Rome from 66 to 70, 64. Ludvik, G. E., Kenoyer J. M., Cohen-Klonymus, H., Barkay G., and Dvira, Z. (2022)
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e
c
in 70 CE to the Roman troops, Jews were taken captive and some were paraded in Rome and others
And the lion as the ox shall eat straw.
which continued on at Masada until 73 or 74. With the Roman armies and future emperor, Titus,
n, D
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46. Ba 46. Barkay, G., Ussishkin, D. (2004). The Iron Age Strata. In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.). The Stone Beads from the Temple Mount, Jerusalem: A relative chronology through high-
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). The
I
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D (E
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11
were enslaved in Pompeii and Herculaneum.

And the nursing child shall play over the hole of the cobra.
-
.
d
ac
e
al
ons
(
) II
1994

Eme
at
r

Av
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Renew outside the walls of “the Holy City,” the two Jewish leaders continued to slaughter each other, resolution studies of bead technology. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 14
a
c
c
n
Ex
a
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iv:

y
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And the weaned child shall put its hand on the viper’s den.
y
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, T
e
n Ar
50
y
g
e
rsit
ha
olo
. pp. 411
l Avi
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a
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Claire even burning the other’s food supplies, and suffering unimaginable famine. It was so maddening (6): 115
t
Ya
3.

ions i
c
ubli
that, according to Josephus, a Jewish mother cooked and ate her infant son. When Jerusalem fell
All these calamities are selections of what plagued Jews and early Christians for at least five

They shall not hurt or destroy on all my holy mountain,
m.
(2004
al
I
,
rk
n,
n:

a
hae
y
d
w
a
e
). A
47. Ba 47. Barkay, G. (2004). A Balance Beam. In: Ussishkin, D (Ed.). The Renewed Archaeological 65. Van der Veen, P. G., Deutsch, R., & Barkay, G. (2016). Reconsidering the authenticity of
e
ne
lanc
a
e
Re
ologi
D (E
Arc
d.).
Ussishki
B
B
he
c
G.
T
in 70 CE to the Roman troops, Jews were taken captive and some were paraded in Rome and others
For the earth will be full of the knowledge of the LORD (הָָ֔והְי),
laire
l
ubli

T
L
I
Y
ons
e
ati
)
.
r
P
nd C
hish
ons at
Excav centuries (from approximately 200 BCE to 300 CE). Why do we not learn from these events that the Berekhyahu Bullae: a rejoinder.
1994
ti
a
y
a

c
V
in
ac
Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994) IV. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in
(1973
a
Eme
-
ss
Aviv: 11
were enslaved in Pompeii and Herculaneum.
As the waters cover the sea.
y
y
sit
. pp. 2084
e
olog
,
niver
Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. pp. 2084-2088.
-
2088.
Archa are confirmed in excavations today not only around Jerusalem but also elsewhere, including 66. Dvira, Z., & Barkay, G. (2021). Clay Sealings from the Temple Mount and Their Use in

l Aviv U
Te

Yodefat (Jotapata), Gamla, Migdal, and monuments in Rome?
i
fic
rk
d Of
n
a
)
a
,
S
L
hish.
48. Ba 48. Barkay, G., Vaughn, A.G. (2004). The Royal and Official Seal Impressions from Lachish. the Temple and Royal Treasuries. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 2: 41–75. ָ ֶ ְ
a
y
l
e
I
fr

om
The
y
o
c
a
l
.
re
a
R
l
mp
, G.

Va
u
g
ns
G.
a
ssi

(2004
o
hn,
A.
ִּ

ָ

ֹ
ַֽ

ו ָ֔דְחי ֙אי ִּרְמוּ ריִָּ֤פְכוּ לֶג ֨עְו ץָּ֑ב ְרי יִּ֣דְג־םִּע רָּ֖ מנְו שֶׂב ָ֔כּ־םִּע ֙ב אז רָָ֤גְו
׃ם ָב גֵּ֥ הנ ן ָּ֖ ֹ טָק רַּעֵַּּ֥נְו

ַּ
All these calamities are selections of what plagued Jews and early Christians for at least five

In: Ussishkin, D. (Ed.). The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994)
In: Ussishki n, D. (E d.). T he Re ne w e d Ar c hae olo gical Ex c av ati ons at L ac h ish ( 1973 - 1994 ) 67. Barkay, G., and Deutsch, R. (2022). An Additional Fiscal Bulla from the City of David.
centuries (from approximately 200 BCE to 300 CE). Why do we not learn from these events that
Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
ַּ
ִּ

ֹ
ָ

ַֽ
ֶ

ֹ

ַּ

laire
IV. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Tel Aviv University.
ss
Ya
rsit
Aviv Unive

Te
c
Ar
.

n
P
in
Aviv:
r
ubli
e
y
Eme
y
ha
a
o
,
ns
y
l
l
ti
c
olog
a
d C
IV. Te are confirmed in excavations today not only around Jerusalem but also elsewhere, including Epigraphy, iconography, and the Bible: 77-83. ׃ןֶבַֽ ֶת־לַּכאי ר ֵָּ֥קָבַּכּ הָּ֖ י ְראְַו ןֶּ֑הי דְלי וּ ֣ צְב ְרי וָָּ֖דְחי הני ָ֔ע ְרִּת ֙בדָו ה ָָ֤רָפוּ
How is it conceivable that our collective consciousness fails to learn from horrific mistakes? Why
pp. 2148-2173. pp. 17-50.
Yodefat (Jotapata),
pp. 2148- 2173. pp. 17- 50Gamla, Migdal, and monuments in Rome? 68. Shaham, H., Dvira, Z. Barkay, G (2023). Two Noteworthy Byzantine Weights from
.

֙

ִּ

׃ה ָדָה ו ֵּ֥ ֹ די לוּ ָּ֖ מָג י ָ֔נוֹעְפִּצ ת ַּ֣רוּאְמ לַּעְו ןֶתָּ֑פ ר֣ ח־לַּע קָּ֖ נוֹי עֵַּּ֥שֲעַֽ ִּשְו
ַֽ

ָ

do we humans constantly repeat colossal mistakes and do not learn from too common and
on. in:
Ma
l
I
, G.
I
ron
S
(2005
ster
, D.M.
).
a
ssi
a
:

d.)
e
49. Ba 49. Barkay, G. (2005). Iron II Seal Impression. in: Master, D.M. (Ed.) Dothan I: Remains from Jerusalem’s Temple Mount, Israel Numismatics Research 18: 141-152.
y
Re
Dothan I
mains from
mpre
rk
(E
II

ָ
ְ

לְֹו וּע ֵּ֥ רי־אַֽלֹ
ָ
פ ׃םיַֽ ִּסַּכְמ םֵָּ֥יַּל םיַָּּ֖מַּכּ הָ֔והי־תֶא ֙הָע ד ץ ֶר ָ֗אָה הָ֣אְלָמ־יִּכּ י ִּּ֑ שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכְב וּתיִָּּ֖חְשַּי־א
ַֽ

ִּ
ַֽ
repetitive errors? Why do we not make the world better for our descendants? Are we bequeathing
Do We Learn from Our Mistakes?
the Tell ( 1953- 1964 ) . W inona L a ke , I nd .: Eisenbr a uns. pp. 171 - 172. 69. Amitai-Preiss, N. Dvira, Z. and Barkay, G. (forthcoming). An Early Muslim Period Clay ָ
the Tell (1953-1964). Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. pp. 171-172.
to them what our ancestors gifted us, specifically treasures and the wisdom found in the sacra
How is it conceivable that our collective consciousness fails to learn from horrific mistakes? Why
ge
e
nd P
rk
nd

(2005
n a
a
A
a
S
He
rsia
e
tone
ll
, G.
a
).
nist
I
y
W
50. Ba 50. Barkay, G. (2005). An Iron Age Stone Weight and Persian and Hellenistic Seal Sealing from the Temple Mount, Israel Exploration Journal.
ig
ic
ron
An
e
S
ht
l
e
This passage may be the oldest apocalyptic vision of future bliss in our sacred literatures.
scriptura which includes all inspired books? Recall the well-known maxim found in the Syriac
rusal
m
of

Impressions. in: Arubas, B., Goldfus, H. (Ed.). Excavations on the Site of the Jerusalem
e
ons

c
the J
Ex
e
on
av
ati
e
the Sit
ssi
., Goldf
Impre do we humans constantly repeat colossal mistakes and do not learn from too common and 70. Snyder, F., Dvira, Z. and Barkay, G. (forthcoming). The Stones that the Salvagers
H.
B
us,
ons.
Ar
uba
d.).
in:
(E
s,
repetitive errors? Why do we not make the world better for our descendants? Are we bequeathing
Menander (and in Tobit 4:15, the maxim attributed to Orion of Thebes, and Hillel, according to
Internat ional C onv e nti on C e nter ( Biny an e i Ha' um a) . P ortsmout h , R hode I s land : J ourna l of Rejected: How Understanding the Commercial Salvaging of Herodian Opus Sectile Tiles
International Convention Center (Binyanei Ha'uma). Portsmouth, Rhode Island: Journal of
to them what our ancestors gifted us, specifically treasures and the wisdom found in the sacra
the b Talmud, Shabbat 31a; cf. also the Diatessaron and Liber Graduum) and mirrored in Jesus’
Aided in Reconstructing the Floor Patterns Used on the Temple Mount. Mendel-
Roman A rc ha e olog y . pp. 25 - 28. The author of Revelation foresaw heaven descending to earth and defining Jerusalem as the Holy
Roman Archaeology. pp. 25-28.
scriptura which includes all inspired books? Recall the well-known maxim found in the Syriac
rk teachings (according to Mark 12:31, par. Mt 22:39; cf. Lev 19:15-18, Gal 5:14):
R
o
Ta
mat
a
R
ntaliz
51. Ba 51. Barkay, G. (2006). Royal Palace, Royal Portrait?: The Tantalizing Possibilities of Ramat City. No Temple is described; perhaps the author is prophesying that no one will need to seek to
:
a
?
Geberovich, A. and Dvira, Z., eds. Proceedings of the First International Conference on
y
of
The
P
a
y
y
e
ies
ortr
b
P
l
ing
, G.
il
P
(2006
, R
lac

o
a
it
ossi
a
).
a
l
it
Raḥel. Menander (and in Tobit 4:15, the maxim attributed to Orion of Thebes, and Hillel, according to reach God in heaven. God will dwell among the faithful as he had in the very beginnings and all
e
ology R
44.
iew
New Studies in Temple Mount Research, Jerusalem, May 18th, 2022. Jerusalem.
hae
Bibl
). pp.

32(5
ical Arc
v
-
34
Raḥel. Biblical Archaeology Review 32(5). pp. 34-44.
the b Talmud, Shabbat 31a; cf. also the Diatessaron and Liber Graduum) and mirrored in Jesus’
humans will relax with him in a pleasant abode.
, G. Everything that is hateful to you,
rk
ical

Bibl
I
'
A
C

T
52. Ba 52. Barkay, G. (2007). Is A Piece Of Herod'S Temple In St. Paul'S Cathedral? Biblical 71. Z. Dvira and G. Barkay, (forthcoming). The Eastern Area of the Temple Mount:
ul
l?
a
e
s
n S
Of
iec
a
(2007
I

e
a
).
e
a
S
P
thedr
mpl
rod
S
'
t.
P
y

H
e
teachings (according to Mark 12:31, par. Mt 22:39; cf. Lev 19:15-18, Gal 5:14):

ology R You should not wish to do that to your neighbor.
Archae Archaeology Review. 33(6). pp. 63-66. Topography and Site Formation Processes that Took Place in the Last Millennium.
v
iew.
e
66.
6). pp
-
33(

. 63

What a dream that would be for those sweltering today like those suffering the wildfires on Maui
rk
c
[SyrMen 250-51; Baarda in OTP 2.599]
c

l Ex
in
a
c
va

a
the
Hol
ons
i
ti
w Enc
Ne
y
dia
Ar

of
a
y
y
,

G. (2009
e
c
lop
).
olog
e
ha
53. Ba 53. Barkay, G. (2009). The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Mendel-Geberovich, A. and Dvira, Z., eds. Proceedings of the First International
The
Everything that is hateful to you,

and all who under the sun are being chocked by hot winds; then again, the descendants of Adam
Volume
y
urnal
on J
E.
y
o
n.
5. S
.
ti

V
leme
b
l
Ex

u
S
ter
plora
59(2)
pp.
ntar
pp
Israe
Land, Land, Vol. 5. Supplementary Volume by E. Stern. Israel Exploration Journal 59(2). pp. Conference on New Studies in Temple Mount Research, Jerusalem, May 18th, 2022.
ol. You should not wish to do that to your neighbor.
would walk with the Creator in the coolness that defines the evening.
As the perspicacious philosophers, like George Santayana, have clarified: If we do not comprehend
248-251. [SyrMen 250-51; Baarda in OTP 2.599]
248-251. Jerusalem.

rk the horrifying mistakes in the past, we are prone to repeat the errors of the past. Let us now confess
ology
Bibl
iew
hae
ical Arc
a
Re
v
,
(2009
s
). Th

e
of Ke
R
iche
G.
. 35(4/5)
.
t
e
f Hinnom
y
54. Ba 54. Barkay, G. (2009). The Riches of Ketef Hinnom. Biblical Archaeology Review. 35(4/5). 72. Z. Dvira and G. Barkay, The Temple Mount Sifting Project – Fourth Preliminary Report –

.
As the perspicacious philosophers, like George Santayana, have clarified: If we do not comprehend
pp. 23- that to continue some errors will now doom life on earth. Are we humans rapidly moving to leave Thanks to the preservation of the literature in the biblical documents, among the Dead Sea Scrolls,
pp. 23-35; 122-126.
The Prevalent Finds, Forthcoming.
126.
35; 122
-
the horrifying mistakes in the past, we are prone to repeat the errors of the past. Let us now confess
and the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old and New Testaments (as well as some so-called
55. Eshel, H., Zissu, B., Barkay, G. (2011). Sixteen Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in

u, B
n B
ka
l,
.,
a
55. Eshe behind only charred landscapes, waste, and bones like those from dinosaurs? S it e s in 73. R. Deutsch, A. Lemaire, G. Barkay, P.G. van der Veen and D. Itzhak, The Bulla of
B
Kokhba
r
om
r
a
tee
oins
Z
iss
G.
).
R
H.,
oman
(2011

C
ix
y
,
S
fr
Europe that to continue some errors will now doom life on earth. Are we humans rapidly moving to leave patristic texts and Syriac manuscripts) we may read about heaven on earth and wonderful abodes
l N
.
Europe. Israel Numismatic Journal 17. pp. 91-97.
umismat
Israe
97.
ournal
i
J
c
“Shema, Servant of Jeroboam” An Embarrassing Forgery (in the present Festschrift).

17. pp. 91-
behind only charred landscapes, waste, and bones like those from dinosaurs?
, G.
ra
s
d in
y
urie
oh
B
hter
P
ical
Tomb
of
56. Ba 56. Barkay, G. (2013). Who Was Buried in the Tomb of Pharaoh's Daughter? Biblical in one of the heavens. In the Essene Thanksgiving Hymns, the Righteous Teacher imagines God is

the
a
Bibl
ha
?
rk Fortunately, there is a second message from past generations. Is it one that provides hope and a
s
(2013
Da
'
o W
a
).
W
h
ug

a
e
iew
ology R
v

Archae blessed future? What is the second most important insight we may obtain from studying our past helping him plant the renewed Garden of Eden. See especially 1QH 16 (Sukenik 8); in this column
. 39(
Archaeology Review. 39(1). pp. 40-49.
49.
. 40
1). pp
-
Fortunately, there is a second message from past generations. Is it one that provides hope and a
: ינודא for placing him
.)s the overflowing
the
, G.
stem
).
y
J
-
(2015

A F
Evide
the
isca
f
of
n
57. Ba 57. Barkay, G. (2015). Evidence of the Taxation System of the Judean Kingdom - A Fiscal and the following one, the Righteous Teacher praises םילשורי .םילשוריב ןויצ רה“a 1964 ( .ג ,יאקרב 1 .
a
o
ti
ude
l
e
Kingdom
x
on S
a
nc
rk and sacra scriptura?

y
Ta
a
.תוריתל רפסה תיב

blessed future? What is the second most important insight we may obtain from studying our past
. in:

a
e
lopes
F
the Te
d the
isca
f
P
of
o
e
Mount
he
B
f
mpl
nomenon
ull
a
n
l
the S
Bulla Bulla from the Slopes of the Temple Mount and the Phenomenon of Fiscal Bullae. in: spring” in a parched land and as the Irrigator of the Garden (יקשמו ןג). How is that possible? In line
2 .
רסולפ 'ד
,
rom

ז"כשת .יאקרב 'ג :ךרוע ,הדוהי רבדמ תוליגמ

and sacra scriptura?
Apocalypses: Dream Literature of Antiquity
Lubetski , M., L ube tski , E. (E ds.). Re c ordi ng ne w e pigra phic e v iden c e : e s say s in honor of 16.17, we read: םשג הרויכ יפב התמש ילא התאו. God has placed in the mouth of the Teacher water like
Lubetski, M., Lubetski, E. (Eds.). Recording new epigraphic evidence: essays in honor of

לארשיל תיטמסימונה הרבחה ןולע
5
3 .
'מע .
.ןיסירפק ,סימאלסמ יאני רדנסכלא לש עבטמ .)
64-
1973
( .ג ,יאקרב

Robert De utsch . J e rusa le m. P p 17 - 50. gentle rain. . 65
Robert Deutsch. Jerusalem. Pp 17-50.
Early Israelites, Jews, and Christians bequeath to us the great dream literature of our past. Isaiah
Apocalypses: Dream Literature of Antiquity
mpre
a
I
(201
, G.
n:

y
6).
tamp
ssi
S
e
Thr
ons.
e
I
Ga
58. Ba 58. Barkay, G. (2016). Three Stamp Impressions. In: Lipschits, O., Gadot, Y., Freud, L. (Eds.). .ו תוינומדק .ןשבה ןופצב םייגולואיכרא םידירש .) 1974 ( .ע ,רנולק ,.ע ,רזמ ,.ג ,יאקרב ,.צ ,ןליא ,.ד ,ןמרוא 4 .
dot,
ipschit
ds.).
s, O.,
Y.,
. (E
d,
L
F
re
u

L
foresaw a time when the leopard will lie down with the kid, and a baby will play over the asp’s
rk Early Israelites, Jews, and Christians bequeath to us the great dream literature of our past. Isaiah
54, 1959
av
:
Ramat-Raḥel III: Final Publication of Yohanan Aharoni's Excavations (1954, 1959-1962).
on of
c
c
ati
Final
ons
(
1962
Publi

-
ati
)
19
Y
s
l
Raḥe
ohanan Aharoni'
-
.
Ex
II
.n.” An angel
I
Ramat foresaw a time when the leopard will lie down with the kid, and a baby will play over the asp’s Enoch who had “walked with God” is ultimately hailed celestially as “that Son of Ma 85-90 'מע

hole. In that blessed future there will be permanent and perfect peace “on all (God’s) holy
,
a
c
ons
I
in
ndiana
ti
ke
:

;
l Aviv

ndand perfect peace
uns
r
e
Eme
a
y
T
a
hole.
Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns; Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in holy
Eisenbr
:

Winona L aIn that blessed future there will be permanent C laire Ya ss P ubli“on all (God’s) promises Enoch, that he is “that Son of Man,” who brings peace that will last forever (1En 71:14 5 .-

.ןשבה ןופצב רבע ידירש .)
'מע .ז"ט
ץראו עבט
( .ע ,רנולק ,.ג ,יאקרב ,.ד ,ןמרוא ,.ע ,רזמ ,.צ ,ןליא
1974
mountain” (י ִּּ֑שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכ
ְב). Recall Isaiah 11:6-9:
Archa mountain” (י ִּּ֑שְדָק רַּ֣ה־לָכ ְב). Recall Isaiah 11:6-9: 17). . 162-167
Archaeology, Tel Aviv University. pp. 730-704.
e
Te
y

niver
sit
l Aviv U
y
-
olog
,
. pp. 730
704.

Projec
e
59. Ba 59. Barkay, G. and Dvira, Z. (2015). The Temple Mount Sifting Project: An Introduction. 'מע .'ח תוינומדק .ןושאר - תיב ימיב םילשורי לש ינופצה תורבקה - תיב .) 1975 ( .ע ,רנולק .ע ,רזמ .ג ,יאקרב 6 .
rk
a
t: An Introduc
mpl
ng
on
M
ount
Sif
ti
ti

Dvir
a
, Z
nd
, G.
a
y
. (2015

.
e
T
he
T
).

And the wolf with the lamb shall dwell together.

Israel A rc ha e And the wolf with the lamb shall dwell together. Other Jews, anticipate the appearance of “the Messiah … from the posterity of David,” who “will
ti
y
oun
lem.

F
g
rusa
e
. J
Israel Archaeology Foundation. Jerusalem.
da
olo
on
.
71-76

ubble: The
R
y
.
).
e
in
s
c
li
R
(2016
Z
, G.
roje
P
S
ifting
Dvir
&

t.
c
60. Ba 60. Barkay, G. & Dvira, Z. (2016). Relics in Rubble: The Temple Mount Sifting Project. deliver in mercy the remnant of my people, those who have been saved throughout my borders,
mpl
e
Mount
a
Te
,
rk

a
-
1976
תב לבוי לגרל ;היגולואיכראה יארב םי־תב .)

.
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ץראה תעידיב םינויע :םיפונ
1926

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I cherish the time I was a professor in Naples and studied the slave quarters in Pompeii and Herculaneum. I am
11
Biblical Arc hae ology R e v iew . 42(6 ). pp. 44- 64. and he will make them joyful until the end comes, …” (4Ezra 12:32-34; Metzger in OTP 1). This
Biblical Archaeology Review. 42(6). pp. 44-64.
5
I cherish the time I was a professor in Naples and studied the slave quarters in Pompeii and Herculaneum. I am
.
65-70
'מע .
convinced that a cross has been found in the slave quarters at Herculaneum. The sun breaks through a window and
convinced that a cross has been found in the slave quarters at Herculaneum. The sun breaks through a window and
.,
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r, F
de
61. Sn 61. Snyder, F., Barkay, G., & Dvira, Z. (2016). What the Temple Mount Floor Looked Like.

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. (2016
,
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hits the cross. Others imagine the “cross” was only the backing of something else.
hits the cross. Others imagine the “cross” was only the backing of something else.
Biblical Archaeology Review. 42(6). pp. 56-59.
Biblical Arc hae ology R e v iew . 42(6 ). pp. 56- 59.

XXIV 7