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and the genre-based method (Agustiana, 2016; Li & Razali, 2019; Nagao,

2019; Yang, 2016).

1) A Product-based Approach

The product-based approach, which includes grammar, paragraph

organization, and particular rhetorical style, focuses on the student's

final result (Badger & White, 2000). It is a conventional method (British

Council, 2022) but has dominated writing instruction for many years

(Hyland, 2009). Selvaraj and Aziz (2019) state that it "encourages

students to adapt the features of a given model text to produce one" (p.

445). According to Hyland (2022), writing has a rule-based structure

when texts are the primary focus. Briefly, a product-based approach

emphasizes the students' text at the end of writing instruction. Writing

courses based on the product approach are teacher-centered with little

student interaction. In the product approach, students begin with

prewriting, then write, and then revise their text.

2) A Process-based Approach

In contrast to the previous approach, a process-based approach

emphasizes a systematic process through which students create their

texts. Everyone knows that building a written text requires a recursive

process, which writers must practice repeatedly. This approach focuses

on the metacognitive process and encourages students to engage in the

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