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√«¡º≈ß“π∑“ß«‘™“°“√¢Õß»“ μ√“®“√¬å∏“π‘π∑√å °√—¬«‘‡™’¬√ 395

„πÕ√√∂§¥’ ≈Õ√奇¥ππ‘Ëß (Lord Denning) Õ¥’μÕ∏‘∫¥’ºŸâæ‘æ“°…“»“≈Õÿ∑∏√≥å

¢ÕßÕ—ß°ƒ…∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂ Ÿß¬‘Ëß ·≈–‰¥â√—∫°“√¬°¬àÕß √√‡ √‘≠®“°π—°°ÆÀ¡“¬
∑—Ë«‚≈°«à“‡ªìππ—°°ÆÀ¡“¬·Ààß»μ«√√…∑’Ë Ú „À⧔Õ∏‘∫“¬§”«à“ ç¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡é ‰«â«à“:

秫“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡ ‰¥â·°à ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈„π —ߧ¡´÷Ë߇ªìπ∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë¡’‡Àμÿº≈ ¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°

√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ ‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ«à“‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë™Õ∫∏√√¡é (Justice is what the right-minded
members of the community-those who have the right spirit within
(Û)
them-believe to be fair.)

®ÕÀåπ ‚√≈ å (John Rawls) »“ μ√“®“√¬å«‘™“ª√—™≠“™“«Õ‡¡√‘°—π „Àâ§”π‘¬“¡

§”«à“ 秫“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡é ‰«â„π∑”πÕ߇¥’¬«°—π°—∫≈Õ√奇¥ππ‘Ëß ·μஓ°Õ’°¡ÿ¡¡ÕßÀπ÷Ëß §◊Õ:

秫“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡ ‰¥â·°à ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë∫ÿ§§≈´÷Ëß¡’‡Àμÿº≈∂◊Õ«à“‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë™Õ∫∏√√¡
∂â“À“°∫ÿ§§≈‡À≈à“π—ÈπμâÕß«‘π‘®©—¬„π‡√◊ËÕßπ—Èπ∑—Èßπ’È‚¥¬∑’Ëμπ‡Õ߉¡à¡’∑“ß≈à«ß√Ÿâ‡≈¬«à“

μπ‡Õß®–¡’ à«π‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫‡√◊ËÕßπ—ÈπÕ¬à“߉√∫â“ßé (Justice ... is ... what rational
people would regard as fair, if they had to decide that question with no
(Ù)
knowledge whatever of what their position would be.)

®“°§”𑬓¡¢Õß≈Õ√奇¥ππ‘Ëß ·≈–»“ μ√“®“√¬å®ÕÀåπ ‚√≈ å ®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“ °“√∑’Ë

®–æ‘®“√≥“«à“‡√◊ËÕß„¥¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡À√◊Õ‰¡à ¡‘§«√®–∂◊Õ‡Õ“§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߺŸâ«‘π‘®©—¬À√◊Õ
ºŸâæ‘æ“°…“ºŸâ„¥ºŸâÀπ÷Ë߇ªì𠔧—≠ À“°·μà∂◊Õ‡Õ“§«“¡‡ÀÁπ¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈∏√√¡¥“∑’Ë¡’‡Àμÿº≈

¡’§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ ‡™◊ËÕ«à“‡ªìπ‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë™Õ∫∏√√¡ ‡√’¬°‰¥â«à“‡ªìπ¢âÕ∑¥ Õ∫·∫∫
¿“«–«‘ —¬ (objective test) ¡‘„™à·∫∫Õ—μμ«‘ —¬ (subjective test) ´÷Ëß∂◊Õμ“¡§«“¡

§‘¥‡ÀÁπ¢ÕߺŸâæ‘æ“°…“À√◊Õªí®‡®°™π§π„¥§πÀπ÷Ë߇ªì𠔧—≠

(Û)
Lord Denning, The Road to Justice (London : Stevens and Sons, 1995) p. 4.
(Ù)
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (London : Oxford University Press, 1972) ´÷ËßÕâ“ß
∂÷ß„π Sir Norman Anderson, Liberty, Law and Justice (London : Stevens and Sons,
1978) p. 140
πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’§”𑬓¡¢Õߧ”«à“ 秫“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡é „πÀ¡Ÿà‡®â“∑ƒ…Æ’∑“ߪ√—™≠“Õ’°À≈“¬

∑à“π¥â«¬°—π ´÷Ë߇ªìπ§”𑬓¡®“°·ßà¡ÿ¡μà“ßÊ ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ„π·ßà¢Õßπ—°√—∞»“ μ√å π—°‡»√…∞»“ μ√å
À√◊Õπ—°ª√—™≠“ “¢“Õ◊ËπÊ ´÷Ëß≈â«π·μàæ‘®“√≥“‰ª§π≈–∑“ß ‰¡à«à“®–‡ªìπ«‘∏’°“√«‘‡§√“–Àåªí≠À“
°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§à“¢Õߧ«“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡ ·≈– ‘∑∏‘Àπâ“∑’ËÕ—π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫§«“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡