Page 49 - PPW (Paper Proposal Writing)

Example:

1. Ryan & Deci (2001) defined well-being as ‘‘the actualization of human potentials’’.
2. Duhigg (2012) believed that we can change our habits, but because they are deeply
ingrained into the brain, it can be a struggle to do so.
3. Our experiments with different verbal tests confirmed previous results (Wiley 2009).

Read the following sentences which show signal phrases for citing others’ work. Identify the
function of each verb there.
No Sentence Function
1 Some experts suggested that today’s college
students may not understand that participating in
academic misconduct is wrong (Arhin, 2009; Balik,
Sharon, Kelishek & Tabak, 2010; Tippitt et al., 2009).
2 Junco et al. (2010) examined the effect of using
Twitter for various types of academic discussion on
the engagement and grades of college students.
3 Existing studies indicated that social media
addiction harms students’ mental health (Cain,
2018; Macaskill, 2013; Zhai et al., 2016)
4 Family relationships and religiosity were believed to
reduce the harmful effects of social media addiction
on students’ mental health during the pandemic
through social and spiritual means (Debnam et al.,
2012)
5 Recent evidence points out that too much time
spent on social media has been taking a toll on the
mental health of users during the COVID-19
pandemic in Wuhan (Gao et al., 2020).

Language Focus

Stating definition and Stating Others’ Work in a Literature Review

Study the following explanation about the use of present tense in a literature review.

Definitions are necessary to be included in your paper to avoid misunderstanding. They are
commonly written in present tense. In general, definitions consist of three elements:
- Terms are words or phrases to be defined
- Class includes objects or concepts that the terms belong to
- Differentiating characteristics are things that differentiate class from others
The following is an example of how you write a definition of certain terms and how you cite
others’ work.

Paper Proposal Writing 41