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Obstacles to progress

Distortions

consulting work and studies, and away from those where it was more difficult, such as
the purchase of necessary scientific equipment.

Bribes also commonly were demanded and paid to be "short listed," to approve contract
amendments and extensions, to compromise auditors, to induce site inspectors and
supervisors to look the other way, to avoid the cancellation of a contract for poor

performance, and so on.
***
Bribe recipients included project, government and ministry personnel at all levels (even,
at the project level, clerical personnel), political parties, government and external

auditors, inspectors and construction supervisors, employees of international aid
agencies (to influence project design and to obtain necessary approvals), and potential

competitors to dissuade them from bidding.
***
Several contractors offered to pay for "plant or study tours" for project personnel and
their spouses, which were really vacations and shopping expeditions, other contractors

"rented" office space or living quarters, some of which were never occupied, from project
officials at exorbitant rates. Other companies were asked, or offered, to pay for the
education of project officials" children, or to employ their relatives. One consulting firm

provided several years of free lodging to an international aid agency employee.
***
From Kickbacks to Hidden Interests: the use of

• Front Companies
• "Loan Brokers"

• Bid Rigging
• Collusive Bid Rigging

• Fraud by Contractors “
"Summary of Fraud and Corruption Cases in International Development Projects" 324
International Anti Corruption Resource Center."

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