Page 1042 - The Toxicology of Fishes

1022 The Toxicology of Fishes

dose, 646, 664, 688 design considerations for, 739–746
effective, 15 model, 736–739
dose–response, 56, 245, 246, 372, 373, 375, 376, ecotoxicology, 3, 6, 855, 951
378, 436, 665, 698, 744, 800, 809, 861, 893, ectoderm, 418, 419
903, 904 ED , TCDD, 836
50
dosing methods, 744 edema, 829–830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 837, 839,
Dover sole, 374 840, 841, 842, 843, 856, 858, 897
Dreissena polymorpha, 43 intracellular, 441
drinking rate, fresh- vs. saltwater fish, 401, 406, intramyelinic, 427
407, 408, 409 myleinic, 441
drum, freshwater, 43 edge effects, 740
DT diaphorase, 179, 282, 283, 338, 694 edifenphos, 504, 505
duct of Cuvier, 347 eels
Dunnett’s method, 746 American (Anguilla rostrata),
duplication, degeneration, complementation dinoflagellates, and, 444
(DDC) model of gene evolution, 237 cadmium, and, 407
Dursban 4E, 742 electric (Electrophorus electricus),
Duwamish Waterway, 881, 885, 888, 893, 895, anatoxin-a, and, 445
897, 898, 899, 908, 909 European (Anguilla anguilla), sewage
dyes, 85 treatment works effluent, and, 974
eelpout (Zoarces viviparous), 692
E effective dose, 15
Eagle Harbor, 694, 894, 895, 897, 899, 903, 908, effects, 659–675, 677–679, 734, 735, 736, 745
909, 911 assessment, 902, 946
ear, fish, 424 biomarkers of, 685, 687, 692, 696
early-life-stage mortality, 822, 827, 835, 837, 838, characterization, 762–763
840 criteria for, 666–669
AhR-mediated, 822 CYP1A as biomarker of, 688
dioxin-like-compound-induced, 836 direct vs. indirect, 661–662
halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon (HAH)- edge, 740
induced, 860 exposure, 927, 928–929
PCB 126-induced, 836, 838, 839 insecticide, 735
PCB 153-induced, 838 larvicide, 735
PCB 77-induced, 839 local vs. systemic, 664
planar PCB-induced, 835 metallotheonein as biomarker of, 690
TCDD-induced, 822, 839, 843, 844, 850, pesticide, 736, 737
852, 853 short-term sublethal, 677–678
toxicity equivalency factors, 837, 850 sublethal, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 666, 677,
early life stage tests, 662 808
early mortality syndrome (EMS), 849–850 efficacy, 240, 244–246
EC , 762 effluent discharges, 933
20
EC , 677 effluent permitting, 760
50
ecdysone, 463 effluent, sewage treatment works, 440; see also
ecoepidemiology, 822 treated sewage effluents
ecological risk assessment, 757–773; see also risk egg production, crowding, and, 569, 570
assessments eggs, 81, 82, 178, 850, 976
challenges, 771–772 AhR agonists in, 822
endpoints, selection of, 762 alkylphenols in, 992
probabilistic approaches to, 764, 768 chemical contaminants in, 820, 859, 860
prospective and retrospective, 768 DDT, and, 821, 847, 848, 858
vs. human health risk assessment, 765–767 dioxin-like compounds, and, 836
ecosystems, 733–747; see also artificial systems, HAHs in, 821, 839, 845, 851, 852, 856, 860,
mesocosms, microcosms 861