Page 652 - Clinical Small Animal Internal Medicine

620 Section 6 Gastrointestinal Disease

Surgical removal of tumors not confined to the distal surviving the postoperative period can experience long‐
VetBooks.ir rectum is performed via a perineal or anal approach, term disease‐free intervals.
which can be combined with intraabdominal dissection
to mobilize the descending colon along with the cranial
end of the rectum. Preservation of the external anal Prognosis
sphincter muscle may be possible, depending on the Prognosis depends upon the histologic tumor type, margin
tumor location and extent. Pelvic osteotomy techniques status, and staging results. Benign tumors (e.g., adenoma-
may need to be employed. This is an advanced proce- tous polyps, in situ carcinomas, leiomyomas) can be cured
dure used for malignant tumors of the rectum (e.g., car- with surgical resection. Rectal lymphoma, although rare,
cinoma) and can allow for removal of up to 6 cm of carries a good prognosis following surgery and chemo-
grossly normal tissue margins en bloc with the primary therapy, with a reported overall median survival time of
tumor, as well as extirpation of regional lymph nodes. 1697 days. Canine rectal adenocarcinoma carries a worse
Morbidity (especially fecal incontinence) and mortality prognosis, with reports ranging from six to 24 months,
with combined approaches can be significant but dogs depending on staging and completeness of excision.

Further Reading

Bennett PF, DeNicola DB, Bonney P, et al. Canine anal sac Klein A, Deneuche A, Fayolle P, et al. Preoperative
adenocarcinomas: clinical presentation and response to immunosuppressive therapy and surgery as a treatment
therapy. J Vet Intern Med. 2002; 16(1): 100–104. for anal furunculosis. Vet Surg. 2006; 35(8): 759–768.
Bertoy RW. Megacolon in the cat. Vet Clin Sm Anim. 2002; doi:10.1111/j.1532‐950X.2006.00220.x.
32(4): 901–915. Lombardi RL, Marino DJ. Long‐term evaluation of canine
Colopy‐Poulsen SA, Danova NA, Hardie RJ, et al. perianal fistula disease treated with exclusive fish and
Managing feline obstipation secondary to pelvic fracture. potato diet and surgical excision. Journal of the
Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet. 2005; 27(9): 662–670. American Animal Hospital Association. 2008; 44(6):
Downs MO and Stampley AR. Use of a Foley catheter to 302–307. doi:10.5326/0440302.
facilitate anal sac remove in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Misseghers BS, Binnington AG, Mathews KA. Clinical
Assoc. 1998; 34(5): 395–397. observations of the treatment of canine perianal fistulas
Ellison GW, Papazoglou LG. Long‐term results of surgery with topical tacrolimus in 10 dogs. Can Vet J. 2000;
for atresia ani with or without anogenital malformations 41(8): 623–627.
in puppies and a kitten: 12 cases (1983–2010). J Am Vet Morello E, Martano M, Squassino C, et al: Transanal
Med Assoc. 2012; 240(2): 186–92. pull‐through rectal amputation for treatment of
Emms SG. Anal sac tumors of the dog and their response colorectal carcinoma in 11 dogs. Vet Surg. 2008; 37(5):
to cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy. Aust Vet J. 420–6.
2005; 83(6): 340–343. Swiderski J, Withrow S. A novel surgical stapling technique
Harari J. Immunotherapy for anal furunculosis in dogs. for rectal mass removal: a retrospective analysis. J Am
Compend Contin Educ Vet. 2008; 30(2): 69–72. Anim Hosp Assoc. 2009; 45(2): 67–71.
Harkin KR, Walshaw R, Mullaney TP. Association of Trevail T, Gunn‐Moore D, Carrera I, et al.
perianal fistula and colitis in the German shepherd dog: Radiographic diameter of the colon in normal
response to high‐dose prednisone and dietary therapy. and constipated cats and in cats with megacolon.
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2011; 52(2): 516–520. doi:
1996; 32(6): 515–520. doi:10.5326/15473317‐32‐6‐515. 10.1111/j.1740‐8261.2011.01830.
Hobson HP, Brown MR, and Rogers KS. Surgery of Van den Steen N, Berlato D, Polton G, et al: Rectal
metastatic anal sac adenocarcinoma in five dogs. Vet lymphoma in 11 dogs: a retrospective study. J Small
Surg. 2006; 35(3): 267–270. Anim Pract. 2012; 53(10): 586–91.
Holt PE, Lucke VM: Rectal neoplasia in the dog: a Webb CB, McCord KW, Twedt DC. Rectal strictures in 19
clinicopathological review of 31 cases. Vet Rec. 1985; dogs: 1997–2005. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2007; 43(6):
116(15): 400–5. 332–6.
Kennedy LJ, O’Neill T, House A, et al. Risk of anal Williams LE, Gliatto JM, Dodge RK, et al. Carcinoma of
furunculosis in German shepherd dogs is associated with the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs: 113 cases
the major histocompatibility complex. Tissue Antigens. (1985–1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003; 223(6):
2008; 71(1): 51–56. doi:10.1111/j.1399‐0039.2007.00964.x. 825–831.