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Teaching of writing in higher education in the world refers to three
approaches in teaching writing skills as foreign language. Coffin et al. (2003: 9)

argues that in research on writing for non-native speaker ―there are three
influential approaches to the teaching of student writing that it is useful to

consider; writing as text, writing as process and writing as social practice.

D. Research Method

1. The Developmental Model
The study is set up to be conducted by using the research and development

(R&D) model proposed by Thiangarajan & Semmel Model and Richey & Klein

(2007: 8). One of the reasons for selecting this R&D model is the consideration
that it will be most practical in the field. This study is conducted to develop an

appropriate instructional model. The appropriate instructional model should be

developed by teachers as an effort in education development.
The instructional development model is called the ―Four-D Model‖

(Thiangarajan & Semmel, 1974: 4). This model divides the instructional
development process into the four stages of ―Define, Design, Develop, and

Disseminate.‖ The Four-D model is aimed at developing instructional products
such as instructional materials, instructional tools, and instructional model.

a) Define: This stage is described to be analytical and to involve five steps:

front-end analysis (problems facing the teacher trainer), learner analysis, task
analysis, concept analysis, and the specifying of instructional objectives.

b) Design: This stage is to design prototype of instructional model, namely
IBLL Model, and its instructional materials.

c) Develop: It is to try out the prototype of instructional model and materials
through developmental testing. The model and materials as products will be

validated by experts and users and then will be done some revision based on

feedback.
d) Disseminate: it sets up summative evaluation, final packaging activities such

as securing copyright releases, and diffusion (adapted from Thiangarajan &
Semmel, 1974, p.6; and Richey & Klein, 2007, p.8).

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