Page 562 - Essencials of Sociology

SUBJECT INDEX S-3

Concrete operational stage of develop- substance use and, 164 physical appearance and beauty stan- migration as demographic variable,
ment, 73 “three strikes” laws for, 179 dards influenced by, 38, 42, 44, 53 449–51 (see also Immigrants)
Conflict theory urban, 461, 462, 467, 468, 470 race-ethnicity and, 49, 50, 54, 86, mortality as demographic variable,
age and aging under, 325–28 vigilantes’ response to, 183–84, 454 273 449 (see also Death and dying)
deviance and crime under, 174–75 violent, 161, 162–63, 172, 173, 179– sanctions influenced by, 49 of poverty, 239–45
education under, 410–13 82 (see also Murder; Rape; Torture) sexuality influenced by, 160 of prison population, 176–78, 236
gender inequalities under, 18 white-collar, 171–72, 174–75, 186, social changes in (see Social change) of religious members, 431–32
marriage and family under, 17–18, 236 social interaction influenced by, 112, of terrorists, 347
372 Criminal justice system 114 Denmark, economy of, 353
politics and government under, bias in, 180–82 social structure including, 100 Depression, mental, 185
344–45 conflict theory on oppression of, 175 subcultures, 31, 40, 51–54, 54–55, Descent, familial, 369
population under, 447, 448 death penalty in, 159, 180–82 60, 63, 85, 89, 92, 162–63, 166, Deviance, 157–88
racial-ethnic discrimination and preju- humane alternatives to, 186–87 233, 341, 379 age in relation to, 177, 178
dice under, 266–67 police discretion in, 184 symbolic culture, 45–51 conflict theory on, 174–75
religion under, 426 prison system in, 13, 88–89, 162, taken-for-granted assumptions about, control theory on, 163–64
social class under, 221, 228, 230 176–79, 180, 186–87, 236, 302–3, 39–41 crime as, 159, 161–88, 461, 462,
social stratification under, 201–2 313 technology relationship to, 55, 60–63 467, 468, 470 (see also Crime)
social structure under, 99, 106 recidivism in, 180 values and beliefs influenced by, death penalty for, 159, 180–82
summary of, 19 social class relationship to, 236 38–39, 42–43, 49–51, 52, 54–55, definition of, 158
Confucians and Confucianism, 384, “three strikes” laws in, 179 55–58, 408 differential association theory on,
420, 431 vigilantism in lieu of, 183–84, 454 Currency, cross-national, 363 162–63
Conspicuous consumption, 350, 483 Crips, the L.A., 129, 133 Cyberslackers, 145 education in relation to, 178
Contact theory, on racial-ethnic rela- Cuba Cybersleuths, 145 embracing, 166
tions, 261 immigrants from, 48, 274, 277, 429 Cyberwar and cyber defense, 487–88 functionalism on, 168–73
Continuity theory, on age and aging, politics and government in, 335 Cyclical theories, on social change, gender in relation to, 161, 173, 177,
324–25 religion in, 429 479–80 178, 180, 181, 294–95, 302–3
Contradictory class locations, 230 Cuban Americans, 48, 274, 277, 429. group influences on, 162–63 (see also
Control theory, on deviance and crime, See also Latinos Gangs)
163–64 Cueva Indians, 495 D humane approach to, 186–87
Convergence theory, on capitalism and Cults, 428–29 Darwinism, 59–60 juvenile delinquency as, 161, 166–68
socialism, 355 Culture, 37–64 Dating and courtship, 370, 374, 485 labeling theory on, 164, 166–68
Coors Brewery, 144 aging and elderly perception shaped Day care/child care marital status in relation to, 177–78
Corporations by, 57, 323 child rearing in, 380 medicalization of, 184–86
corporate crime in, 171–72, 174–75 assimilation of, 86, 269, 270, 272– education and schools as form of, 410 neutralization of, 164, 166
corporate culture, 142–43 73, 281, 382–84 gender roles in, 372, 373–74 official statistics on, trouble with, 184
cultural influences of, 63 children and child labor influenced poverty and payment for, 241 police discretion in response to, 184
diversity in, 143–44 by, 351 socialization through, 84–85 psychological explanations for, 161
environmental issues caused by, 490 corporate, 142–43 Death and dying punishment for, 164, 165, 172, 174–
executive compensation in, 223, 224 counterculture, 52, 54–55, 63 childbirth-related, 264 75 (see also Criminal justice system)
gender disparities in leadership of, cultural capital, 406 dancing with the dead, cultural prac- race-ethnicity in relation to, 177,
310–11 cultural diffusion, 61–62 tice of, 41, 42 178, 180–82
global stratification role of, 211, cultural diversity, 13, 40, 42, 43, 48, death of spouse and widowhood reactions to, 175–87
216–17 50, 80, 86, 109, 137, 160, 176, effect, 381 relativity of, 158–59
multinational, 63, 216–17, 490 196, 240, 255, 275, 286, 301, death penalty, 159, 180–82 sanctions for, 160–61
political influence of, 343, 344 351, 356, 375, 429, 453, 465, 495 elderly adults facing, 93 sexual, 160, 176
power elite leading, 106, 344 cultural goals, 169–70 genocide, 254, 267–69, 283, 478 social change promotion through,
stereotypes in, 142–43 cultural identity, 258–59 infant mortality, 234, 264 168
technology impacting, 487 cultural lag, 61, 481 life expectancy until time of (see Life social class in relation to, 162, 167,
Cosmology, 423 cultural leveling, 62–63 expectancy) 171–73, 174–75, 178, 180, 236,
Counterculture, 52, 54–55, 63 cultural norms, 49–51, 52, 54–55, marriage after, cultural traditions of, 294–95
Countrywide Financial, 264 159–60 368 social function of, 168
Cram schools, 406 cultural privilege, 273 murder causing (see Murder) sociobiological perspective on, 161
Credential societies, 403 cultural progress, 479 population and death rate, 441, sociological explanations for, 162
Crime cultural relativism, 41–45, 76 442–43, 449 stigma associated with, 159
conflict theory on, 174–75 cultural universals, 58–59 religious rituals related to, 421 strain theory on, 168–70
control theory on, 163–64 culture of poverty, 215, 245–46 suicide causing, 6–7, 294, 346, 422 substance use and, 164
corporate, 171–72, 174–75 culture shock, 39–40 Debts, 192, 216 symbolic interactionism on, 162–68
deviance as, 159, 161–88, 461, 462, culture wars, 57 Deferred gratification, 247 urban, 461, 462, 467, 468, 470
467, 468, 470 culture within us, 39, 74 Degradation ceremonies, 88, 165 vigilantes’ response to, 183–84, 454
differential association theory on, definition and description of, 38–45 Deindustrialization, 469 Dialectical process of history, 480
162–63 deviance from cultural norms (see Democracy Dictatorship, 338
functionalism on, 168–73 Deviance) cultural values related to, 55 Differential association theory, on devi-
gender in relation to, 161, 173, 177, economy and economics influencing, democratic facade, 224–25 ance, 162–63
178, 181, 302–3 57, 62 democratic leadership, 149, 150, Diffusion
group influences on, 162–63 (see also education reflecting, 55, 61, 406–8, 151 cultural, 61–62
Gangs) 412 democratic socialism, 353–54 of invention/discovery, social change
humane approach to, 186–87 emotional expression influenced by, direct, 337 through, 480, 481
medicalization of, 184–86 77 government structure of, 337–38 of responsibility, 147, 149, 467–68
official statistics on, trouble with, 184 ethnic groups sharing, 256–57 (see representative, 337 Disabilities, people with. See People
organized, 163, 206 also Race-ethnicity) social class under, 224–25 with disabilities
police discretion in response to, 184 ethnocentrism of, 40–41, 43 social control and stratification under, Disasters, natural, 123–24
psychological explanations for, 161 folkways, mores and taboos in, 51 204 Discovery, social change through, 480,
punishment for, 164, 165, 172, 174– gender and, 38, 39, 61, 80, 292 Democratic Party, 236, 338–39, 341, 481
75 (see also Criminal justice system) gestures in, 45–46 342 Discrimination and prejudice
race-ethnicity in relation to, 177, ideal vs. real, 56, 58 Democratic Republic of the Congo age-based, 260, 316–28
178, 180–82 immigrant, 40, 48, 86 colonialism in, 211 authoritarian personality leaning
slavery in response to, 192 individualist, 55, 57–58 population in, 449 toward, 265
social class in relation to, 162, 167, language and, 46–49, 54, 60, 68, 86 religion in, 422 conflict theory on, 266–67
171–73, 174–75, 178, 180, 236 marriage and family influenced by, 56, Demographics. See also Population cultural values related to, 55, 56
sociobiological perspective on, 161 367–71 of city dwellers, 466–67 discrimination, defined, 260
sociological explanations for, 162 material, 38, 60 demographic transition, 442–43 economic influences on, 262, 263–64,
strain theory on, 168–70 morality influenced by, 75, 76 demography, defined, 439 264–65, 266
street, 161, 171, 173, 175, 186, 236, multiculturalism, 269, 270, 287 fertility as demographic variable, 449 everyday burden of, 280
468 nonmaterial, 38–39, 60 (see also Birth rate) functionalism on, 265–66