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of the Acehnese kings, and more This text contains the genealogy of the Entering the 18 and 19 centuries, reconciliation between Sufism and the
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particularly that of Sultan Iskandar Muda kings of Aceh, starting from its first king, the center of the development of Malay Shari‘a for which he adopted many works
whose descendants are described in Sultan Johan Shah, who is said”to have moved to Palembang and subsequently by al-Ghazali, as he was the main figure
detail. After that, the text continues come from a wind ward in 601 A.H. to Riau. Palembang position in the behind this effort.
with a detailed biography of Sultan There after Sultan Ahmad gained control development of Islam in the archipelago Another scholar from Palembang is
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Iskandar Muda, starting from his birth, and he was entitled Sultan Ri‘ayat Shah started in the 18 century and was Shihabuddin bin Abdullah Muhammad.
childhood until his adult life when he in 632 A.H.”This text further illustrates marked by the emergence of a number His works include the Sharh yang Latif
was appointed as the ruler of Aceh. the continuously changing process of scholars who wrote works in various atas Mukhtasar Jawharut Tauhid,. in
Therefore, although entitled Hikayat of authority until the 34 king, Sultan fields of Islamic knowledge. Supported form of a Malay translation on a review of
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Aceh (Story of Aceh), this text is mostly Alauddin Muhammad Shah. 50 by the authorities who encouraged Jawhar al-Tawhid by Ibrahim al-Laqani.
dedicated to Sultan Iskandar Muda, religious-intellectual activities, Another work is a treatise adopting the
Aceh’s greatest ruler. 48 Adat Majlis Raja-Raja Palembang replaced Aceh as the center Risalah fi al-Tawhid by Walli Raslan
of Islamic development as Aceh’s role
The Adat Majlis Raja-raja (Customs of had gradually diminished due to internal al-Dimasyqi. Mention also needs to
Adat Perintah Raja-raja or Kings Assembly) contains the rules and be made here of Kemas Fachruddin,
Mabain al-Salatin conflicts, and then the war against the another Palembang scholar who
protocols ---referred here as customs Dutch Colonial Government. 51
There is not much information about the (adat)--- of various institutions (majlis) Abdussamad al-Palimbani is the first contributed significantly to the use of
Malay in religious works (book literature).
Adat Perintah Raja-raja (Traditions of in the kingdom (i.e. the king’s assembly scholar whose works needs to be He also translated and adapted a number
Kings’ Commands). Iskandar simply and the army commanders), up to special discussed. Iskandar a scribes nine of Arabic books into Malay: Zakariya
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states that a manuscript entitled Mabain institutions for social-religious affairs: works (books) to al-Palimbani, among al-Ansari’s Fath al-Rahman, Futuh
al-Salatin (the Sultans’ Building) is also the Majlis Tabal (Tabal Council) on the which the most famous is the Hidayat al-Sham,a translation of Abu Ismail
found in the Turkish court, and in some calculation of the day for performing al-Salikin fi Suluk Maslak al-Muttaqin. al-Basri’s Mukhtasar Futuh al-Sham,
ways it reminds one of the Taj as-Salatin. the fast, the Majlis Junjung Duli (Ascent Written in Malay in Mecca (completed in and the Tuhfat al-Zaman,translation of
It apparently aims to offer advice to Council), the Majlis Berangkat Hari Jumat 1788) it is an adaptation of al-Ghazali’s Ibn Shaddad al-Himyari’s Tuhfat al-
the authorities on how to manage their (Friday Departure Council), the Majlis Bidayat al-Hidayah. Other works are Zaman fi Dharf al-Yaman. In the list
kingdom, such as how to determine Bandar [Aceh] Darussalam (Harbor of the Sair al-Salikin ila ‘ibadati Rabb al- of works among ranked among 18
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the requirements of an ideal king, his [Aceh] Darussalam Council), and various ‘alamin which is also based on a work by century book literature, one book should
attitudes and behavior in relation to other assemblies in the environment of al-Ghazaliand the Lubab Ihya ‘Ulum al- be included. It waswritten by the great
palace elites, and a number of rules for the Aceh kingdom. Dinalso written in Malay and completed scholar from Kalimantan, Muhammad
the inhabitants of a kingdom. in the holy land of Mecca about ten years Arsyad bin Abdullah al-Banjari. He wrote
Palembang and Riau: The 18 after his first book. Inheriting the neo- a very famous book, Sabil al-Muhtadin
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Silsilah Raja-raja dalam Negeri and 19 centuries Centers of Sufi intellectual tradition, al-Palimbani’s li al-tafaqquh fi Amr al-Din, \ about the
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Aceh Bandar Darussalam Malay Language Development works tried to stress the need for a intricacies of the study of Islam.

244 Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives 245