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class, title and gender. Everyone can become a leader by practicing the Dhamma or the
roles and qualities of leadership which will illustrate in this chapter.

3.1.1 Development of the Concepts of Leadership

Human society has been shaped by the structure of culture, tradition and
civilization. Human society also becomes more complex than other societies because

of the management of power, knowledge, analytical theories. The more community is
complex, people necessarily need a leader to rule and guide them in the right way. By

looking backward at the beginning of how the world begins in Buddhist scripture

Aggañña Sutta is a little bit different from other religions. At that time, all in one world
began with water and darkness, and there were no moon and sun. Time to time people

have tried to savour earth and rice by their desire, from that time manifestly the form

of human being appeared distinctively into genders, family home, and organization
because of their greediness. The more population grows up the more conflict occurs in

society. People realized that the best way to find the solution is to set up a leader to
manage, organizes and rules them harmoniously.

Thus “Chosen by the whole people, Vāseṭṭha, is what is meant by Mahā
Sammata; so Mahā Sammata (the Great Elect) was the first standing

phrase to arise. Lord of the Fields is what is meant by Khattiya; (Noble)

was the next expression to arise. He chams the others by the Norm by
what ought is what is meant by Rāja; so this was the third standing

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phrase to arise.”
3.1.2 The Theravāda concept of leadership

Before the Buddha had passed away, he did not appoint anyone to be his
successor, instead, he established the doctrine (Dhamma) and discipline (Vinaya), as

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his successor. According to Theravāda perspective of leadership, there is no great

96 Dīgha Nikāya [Dialogues of the Buddha], Vol III, T.W. Rhys Davids, C.A.F.
Rhys. Davids (trans.), (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2000), p. 88.
97 Pandava, Effective Buddhist Leadership Based on the Integration of the
Seven Conditions of Welfare (Aparihāniya-Dhamma) and The Seven Habits Theory,
Master’s thesis, (Graduate School: Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University, Thailand,
2019), p.15.