Page 23 - FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

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NPP Computer Basics and Windows Fundamentals 23

non volatile memory because the information O~ {dÚwV ~§X hmo OmVr h¡ V~ ^r Bg _o_moar H$m àmoJ«m_
is not lost when the power goes off. There are Zï> Zht hmoVmŸ& Bgr{bE Bgo ñWm`r (permanent) `m
five type of ROM; MROM, PROM, EPROM, Admînerb (Non-volatile) _o_moar H$s loUr _| aIVo
EEPROM, EAPROM. h¢Ÿ& Hw$b nm±M àH$ma H$s amo_ hmoVr h¢ … MROM, PROM,
EPROM, EEPROM, EAPROM.
4. CPU (Central Processing Unit) 4. CPU (g|Q´>b àmogoqgJ `y{ZQ>)
CPU is the central unit of the computer H$åß`yQ>a _| gmar {H«$`mE± CPU _| g§nÝZ hmoVr h¢ Ÿ&
where all the operations are performed. Each H$åß`yQ>a H$s gmar BH$mB©`m± CPU Ho$ {Z`§ÌU _| hmoVr h¢Ÿ&
block of the computer is under control of the
CPU. It is the bus master. That means any CPU ~g H$m ñdm_r hmoVm h¡Ÿ& AWm©V² ~g na Omo ^r
information needs the permission of the CPU OmZH$mar àdm{hV hmoVr h¡ dh CPU H$s AZw_{V go hmoVr
to be placed on the system bus. CPU works as h¡Ÿ& CPU H$åß`yQ>a Ho$ _pñVîH$ H$m H$m`© H$aVm h¡Ÿ& nwamZo
the brain of the computer. The CPU of older
computers was built with large number of elec- H$åß`yQ>am| _| CPU Ho$ A§Xa ~hþV go {dÚwV Ad`d hmoVo
trical components. But because of the advance- WoŸ& bo{H$Z A~ {Z‘m©U ‘| àJV àm¡Úmo{JH$s Ho$ H$maU CPU
ment in manufacturing technology the whole H$m g§nyU© n[anW EH$ hr AY©MmbH$ Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o na ~Zm
circuit of the CPU, can be packed in a single
chip of semiconductor material. This chip is {b`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg {Mn H$mo _mBH«$moàmogoga H$hVo h¢Ÿ&
called Microprocessor. Each manufacturer àË`oH$ {Z_m©Vm AnZm AbJ _mBH«$moàmogoga ~ZmVm h¡Ÿ&
builds its own microprocessor. For example, O¡go, n|{Q>`_, gobam°Z Am{X B§Q>ob H§$nZr Ho$ _mBH«$moàmogoga
Pentium, celeron etc. are the microprocessors h¡Ÿ& O~ {S>{OQ>b H$åß`yQ>a Ho$ CPU Ho$ ñWmZ na
from Intel. When CPU of the digital computer
is replaced by microprocessor chip, it becomes _mBH«$moàmogoga H$s {Mn bJ OmVr h¡, Vmo `h _mBH«$moH$åß`yQ>a
microcomputer. H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&
CPU contains following units : CPU Ho$ A§Xa {ZåZ BH$mB©`m± hmoVr h¢…
1. ALU 1. ALU
2. CU 2. CU
3. Registers. 3. a{OñQ>g© Ÿ&
ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) ALU (A[aW_o{Q>H$ bm°{OH$ `y{ZQ>)
The unit is responsible for performing all gmar A§H$J{UVr` d Vm{H©$H$ {H«$`mE± Bg BH$mB© _|
the arithmetic and logical operations. Arith- g§nÝZ hmoVr h¢Ÿ& A§H$J{UVr` {H«$`mE± O¡go Omo‹S>, KQ>md,
metic operations like addition, subtraction, JwUm, ^mJ Am{X Bgr _| g§nÝZ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Vm{H©$H$ {H«$`mE±
multiplication etc. are done in this unit. Logical
operation like AND, OR, NOT and shifting the O¡go AND, OR, NOT VWm ~m¶Zar Zå~a H$s {~Q²>g H$s
bits of a binary number are done by this unit. {epâQ>¨J ^r Bgr BH$mB© Ûmam g§nÝZ H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ& Bg
This unit contains logic circuits like adder, BH$mB© _| Vm{H©$H$ n[anW hmoVo h¢ O¡go ES>a, _ëQ>rßboŠga,
multiplexer, Decoder etc. The ALU gets the {S>H$moS>a Am{XŸ& ALU H$mo g§»`mE± {d{^ÝZ a{OñQ>am| go
operand from register. As soon as it receives a àmá hmoVr h¢Ÿ& CU go H$‘mÊS> {g½Zb {_bVo hr `h ~Vm`m
command signal from control unit, it performs
the specified operation. The result is placed in J`m H$m`© g§nÝZ H$a XoVm h¡Ÿ& a{OñQ>a _| S>mb {X`m OmVm