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                      Whetstone: This can be defined as an sta-   ìhoQ>ñQ>moZ: `h âbmoqQ>J nmBªQ>  {ZX}em| H$m  dh
                  tistical average floating point instruction. This
                  is calculated from  synthetic program, called  gm§p»`H$s` Am¡gV h¡, Omo EH$ goH§$S> _| EŠOrŠ`yQ> hþE hm|Ÿ&
                  bench marks. These programs are created in  à`moJemcmAm| _| V¡`ma {H$E JE ~|M_mH©$ àmoJ«m_ H$s _XX
                  laboratories to compare performance of vari-  go `h am{e {ZH$mcr OmVr h¡Ÿ& Bggo {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$
                  ous CPU. A floating point performance can be
                  measured in whetstone per second.           CPU H$s j_Vm H$s VwcZm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&
                      Dhrystone: The processing speed of RISC     Y«rñQ>moZ: RISC VWm CISC H$åß`yQ>am| H$s J{V H$s
                  and  CISC machines can be compared  using   VwbZm Bggo H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ& Bggo nyUmªH$m| na H$m`© H$aZo H$s
                  dhrystone. It measures integer performance of  j_Vm H$m nVm McVm h¡Ÿ&
                  the processor.
                      LIPS (Logical Inferences Per Second): This  {cßg: kmZ AmYm[aV H$åß`yQ>am| Ûmam EH$ g|H$S> _|
                  quantity  is  used  to measure the processing  {bE JE {ZU©`m| H$s g§»`m LIPS H$hbmVr h¡Ÿ&
                  speed of knowledge based computers.
                   4.17 Microprocessor                        4.17 _mBH«$moàmogoga
                      Traditionally, the block  diagram  of com-  nma§n[aH$ ê$n go H$åß`yQ>a H$m ãbm°H$ S>m`J«m_ Bg
                  puter can be represented as:
                                                              àH$ma go ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Ÿ:
                                                             CPU

                                              Input          ALU           Output

                                                              CU







                                                            Memory

                      The digital computer has four main blocks;  àma§^ _| CPU EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>o n[anW _| Am OmVm
                  Input, output,  memory and  CPU. Earlier  the  WmŸ& Bg_| g^r Ad`d AbJ-AbJ bJVo Wo Ÿ& bo{H$Z
                  CPU was built with discrete components, there-
                  fore the size of CPU was very large. But because  B§Q>rJ«oeZ VH$ZrH$s Ho$ H$maU AmOH$b CPU  EH$ hr
                  of advancement in Integration technology, large  {Mn _| Am OmVm h¡ Ÿ& Bg {Mn H$mo hr _mBH«$moàmogoga
                  number of components can be packed in a single  H$hVo h¢ Ÿ& AV…, `{X CPU Ho$ g§nyU© n[anW H$mo EH$ hr
                  chip of semiconductor material. When the whole
                  logic circuit of CPU is built in  a single chip  IC (Integrated Circuit) _| ~Zm {X`m OmE Vmo `h IC
                  (Integrated Circuit),  it is  called microproces-  _mBH«$moàmogoga H$hbmVr h¡Ÿ&  Bg àH$ma ‘mBH«$moàmogoga
                  sor.  Thus,  the microprocessor  is nothing but  Hw$N> Am¡a Zht ~pëH$ qgJb {Mn CPU h¡& AV … CPU Ho$
                  single  chip CPU.  Thus,  the block  diagram of
                  traditional  digital computer  can  be drawn  by  ñWmZ na _mBH«$moàmogoga {bIH$a H$åß`yQ>a H$m ãcm°H$
                  replacing the CPU by microprocessor.        S>m`J«m_ nwZ… ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm h¡ …
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