Page 70 - Technology Roadmap Transportation

TECHNOLOGY VISION 2035

As of now, Euro IV emission levels are applicable lower from these fuels. Nylon and Lawson
in 13 major cities of India and rest of the (2000) found that diesel combustion emitted
country has Euro III norms. Introduction of new 84 mg/km of fine PM as compared to only
BS-V and BS-VI norms in April 2017 depends 11 mg/km in CNG. CNG/LPG/LNG does not
on improvement in vehicle engine technology contain Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs),
and availability of cleaner fuel by petroleum airborne toxins and SO , and CNG/LPG/LNG
2
companies. The petroleum companies have to vehicles have quieter engine operation, less
invest Rs 40,000 core to meet Euro V norms vibrations and odour than conventional diesel
and it is estimated that similar amount will be engines. However, higher vehicle cost, shorter
required to meet Euro VI norms. The advent of driving range, heavier fuel tank, expensive
lower sulphur diesel fuel is a key development distribution and storage network and potential
in the worldwide effort to reduce air pollution performance and operational problems
and public health impacts associated with diesel compared to liquid fuels are some of the
vehicle emissions. drawbacks of using CNG/LPG/LNG vehicles.

4.5.1 GASEOUS FUELS CNG, LPG 4.5.2 METHANOL AND DI METHYL ETHER
AND LNG (DME)
These gaseous fuels contain more hydrogen Methanol and DME have emerged as potential
and less carbon, therefore, the emission of long-term substitutes of oil and natural gas.
greenhouse gases and fine particulates is Technologies for production of liquid phase

FIG 4.5 BIOFUEL
LANDSCAPE
OF DIFFERENT
GENERATIONS
OF BIOFUELS[4]

PRIMARY SECONDARY

Fire wood,
wood chips,
pellets, animal
waste, forest
and crop 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION
ST
ND
RD
residues, Bioethanol or Bioethanol and Biodiesel from
landfill gas
butanol by biodiesel microalgae
fermentation of produced from
starch (from conventional Bioethanol from
wheat, barley, technologies but microalgae and
corn, potato) or based on novel seaweeds
sugars (from starch, oil and
sugarcane, sugar sugar crops such Hydrogen from
beet, etc.) as Jatropha, green microalgae
Cassava or and microbes
Biodiesel by Miscanthus
transesterification
of oil crops Bioethanol,
(rapeseed, biobutanol,
soyabeans, syndiesel
sunflower, palm, produced from
coconut, used lignocellulosic
cooking oil, materials (e.g.
animal fats etc.) straw, wood and
grass)

68 ROADWAYS