Page 73 - Technology Roadmap Transportation

TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP: TRANSPORTATION

4.6 FUEL EFFICIENCY AND FUEL QUALITY present. India may follow the EU which started
IMPROVEMENT with 140 g/km of fleet average and is at 120 g/km
Fuel efficiency norms will be applicable in India in 2012 and aims 95 g/km in 2020.
shortly. Meanwhile Society of India Automobile
Manufacturers (SIAM) introduced a voluntary Fuel quality has significant direct and indirect
scheme of fuel efficiency marking on vehicles. consequences for diesel vehicle emissions.
The task of framing the official fuel efficiency Reducing sulphur in diesel reduces direct
standard was entrusted to BEE (Bureau of emissions of sulfate particles as well as
Energy Efficiency). The rating of vehicles is emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO ), which
2
done on the basis of five star rating. The labels can convert into particles and acids in the
include an informative component (the fuel atmosphere. As shown in Figure 4.6, more than
consumption of the model in liters/100 km) half of all diesel fuel globally are supposed to
and a comparative component (the star rating have sulphur levels of 50 ppm or less by 2010.
of the model on a five star scale).The entire India is expected to move to uniform fuel
gamut of vehicles will be rated as per the quality by 2020. Low sulphur diesel with less
five star rating scheme. The compliance for than 10 ppm sulphur will be required to meet
manufacturers is being specified in terms of Euro-V and Euro-VI norms. The new auto fuels
Corporate Average Fuel Consumption (CAFC). policy 2035 has been released by the Ministry
India has a fleet average CO of 141 g/km at of Petroleum, Government of India.
2
FIG 4.6 GLOBAL AND EMISSION CONTROL AREAS (ECA) DIESEL FUEL SULFUR LEVELS [5]
5
4.5 GLOBAL
SULFUR IN PERCENTAGE 3.5 SO ECA
4
3
2.5
2
1.5
X
0.5 1
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
YEAR

Apart from all these areas, a lot could be done to explore new fuels to power the transport sectors
and make them more environment-friendly, as mentioned in table 4.4.

TABLE 4.4 ROADMAP FOR FUELS

Industrialization of 1 generation biofuels.
st
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SHORT
TERM Proper infrastructure for production and distribution of biofuels. availability of different
(1-5 YEARS) feedstocks.
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Increased use of waste products as feedstock: (Biofuels can be made from different
resources. Production of biofuels from waste materials such as waste cooking oil and
under-utilized non-edible oils.)
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Development of 2 generation biofuels: (Second-generation biofuels, produced from
nd
the non-edible part of plants are used to power vehicles, thereby limiting their CO
2
emissions. With recent developments in automotive technology, it is required to
produce better quality, low cost biofuels. For this, research on advanced technologies
for conversion of raw materials into high quality biofuels is required. )
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Development of ultra low sulfur fuels for lower emission as well as vehicle life

Implementation of large scale EV recharging infrastructure, including integration to 71
ROADWAYS
grid demand, fast charge capability
MEDIUM
TERM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nd
(5-10 YEARS) Demonstration of 2 generation biofuels at industrial scale (process and distribution
infrastructure)
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Battery’s thermal management: It is needed to analyze vehicle battery thermal
management systems to improve battery performance, life, and safety. By using
thermal analysis and laboratory testing results, battery suppliers and automotive
manufacturers can improve module and pack designs
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Use of off-shore wind energy based hydrogen production
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Development of unified fuels such as JP-8
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Development of hydrogen generation and distribution infrastructure: Hydrogen can be
produced in large scale to sustain whole transport sector using solar energy and
nuclear thermal energy.

Large scale, high power, intelligent charging infrastructure for mass penetration of EVs
across the length and breadth of the country and on the highways.
LONG ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TERM
(10-15 YEARS) Use of nuclear power for hydrogen production (thermal routes)
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Development of off-shore gas hydrates for natural gas production
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Development of 3 generation biofuels: (Microalgae are currently being promoted as an
rd
ideal third generation biofuel feedstock because of their rapid growth rate, CO2 fixation
ability and high production capacity of lipids. Algae also does not compete with food
crops for resources, and can be easily produced on non-arable land. Microalgae have
broad bio-energy potential as they can be used to produce liquid transportation and
heating fuels, such as biodiesel and bio-ethanol.)
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Industrial infrastructure for production of 2 and 3 generation biofuels
nd
rd