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Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization
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90. For understanding some weaknesses of Marxism on nationalism, see Ephraim Nimni,
Marxism and Nationalism: Theoretical Origins of a Political Crisis (London: Pluto Press,
1991); Asafa Jalata, “Poverty, Powerlessness and the Imperial Interstate System in the
Horn of Africa,” in Disaster and Development in the Horn of Africa, ed. John Sorenson
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), pp. 31–48.
91. Charles McKelvey, Beyond Ethocentrism, p. 55.
92. John Markakis, “Material and Social Aspects of National Conflict in the Horn of
Africa,” Civilizations, vol. 33, no. 1 (1983), p. 276.
93. Hugh Tinker, Race, Conflict and the International Order: From Empire to United Nations
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1977), p. 13.
94. Benjamin Schwarz, “The Diversity Myth: America’s Leading Export,” The Atlantic
Monthly, May 1995, p. 58.
95. Ashok Kaul,“Ethno-nationalism in India” p. 161.
96. Tom Narin,“The Modern Janus,” New Left Review, November-December 1994, p. 3.
97. See Gurutz J. Bereciartu, op. cit.; Benedict Anderson,op. cit.
98. Edward A.Tiryakian, “Nationalism and Modernity: A Methodological Appraisal,” Per-
spective on Nationalism and War, p. 215.
99. Crawford Young, The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism:The Nation-State at Bay? (Madi-
son,Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993), pp. 39–40.
100. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nation-
alism (London:Verso, 1991), p. 161.
101. Ibid., p. 3.
102. Edward Said, Orientalism, p. 327.
103. Gurtuz J. Bereciartu, op. cit., p. 128.
104. See Eric J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, myth, and reality
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
105. See Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, 1991.
106. See Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism; Eric J. Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger,
eds., The Inventions of Traditions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
107. Eric J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1970, p. 10.
108. Anthony Oberschall,“Theories of Social Conflict,” Annual Review of Sociology 4 (1978),
p. 298.
109. Joane Nagel,“American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Politics and the Resurgence of Iden-
tity,” American Sociological Review, vol. 60, no. 6 (December 1995), p. 948.
110. John Breuilly, Nationalism and State, p. 35.
111. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, 1994, p. 4.
112. See Anthony Oberschall,“Theories of Social Conflict”; Craig Jenkins,“Resource Mo-
bilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements,” in Annual Review of Sociology, 9
(1983), pp. 527–553.
113. Howard Winant, op. cit.
114. Charles McKelvey, op. cit., p. 30.
115. Ibid., p. 155.
116. D. J. Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs and Women:The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Rout-
ledge, 1991) p. 191.
117. According to Smith, a nation is not “a given existence, a ‘primordial’ and natural unit
of human association outside of time,” it is also not “a wholly modern phenomenon.”
Similarly, nationalism emerges from collective grievances and certain aspects of shared
historical past. See Anthony Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press,
1991), p. 3.
118. Amlicar Cabral, Unity and Struggle, trans. by Michael Wolfers (New York: Monthly Re-
view, 1979), p. 142.