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Notes
20. See Sterling Stuckey, Slave Culture; Barbara Jeanne Fields, Slavery and Freedom on the
Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth Century (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1985).
21. Quoted in Sterling Stuckey, ed.The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism (Boston: Bea-
con Press, 1972), p. 8.
22. Immanuel Wallerstein, “The Construction of Peoplehood: Racism, Nationalism, Eth-
nicity,” in Race, Nation, Class:Ambiguous Identities, ed. Etienne Balibar and I.Wallerstein
(London:Verso, 1988), p. 85.
23. Ibid., pp. 3, 4.
24. Ibid., p. 78.
25. Sterling Stucker, op. cit., p. 24.
26. See, for example, Newbell Niles Puckett, Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro (New York:
Dover,1969);W.E.B.Du Bois,Black Folk,Then and Now (New York:Holt,1939);Carter
G. Woodson, The African Background Outlined (New York: Negro Universities Press,
1968; reprint of 1936 edition); Peter H.Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South
Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (New York:Knopf,1974);Lorenzo Turner,
Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect (New York:Arno Press, 1968; reprint of 1949 edition);
Melville J. Herkovits, The Myth of the Negro Past (Boston: Beacon, 1958; originally pub-
lished in 1941);Norman Whitten and John Szwed,eds.Afro-American Anthropology:Con-
temporary Perspectives (New York: Free Press, 1970); Sidney W. Mintz and Richard Price,
An Anthropological Approach to the Afro- American Past: A Caribbean Perspective (Philadel-
phia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1976); Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture
and Black Consciousness:Afro- American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom (New York:
Oxford University Press, 1977);Winifred Vass, The Bantu Speaking Heritage of the United
States (Los Angeles: UCLA, Center for Afro-American Studies, 1979); Robert Farris
Thompson and Joseph Cornet, The Four Moments of the Sun: Kongo Art in Two Worlds,
(Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1981); R.F.Thompson, Flash of the Spirit:
African and Afro- American Art and Philosophy (New York:Vintage Books, 1983); Roger
D. Abrahams and John F. Szwed, eds. After Africa (New Haven, Conn.:Yale University
Press, 1983); Charles Joyner, Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984); Margaret Washington Creel,“A Peculiar Peo-
ple”: Slave Religion and Community-culture among the Gullas (New York: New York Uni-
versity Press, 1988); Joseph E. Holloway, ed. Africanisms in American Culture
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).
27. See for example, Carter G.Woodson, op.cit.
28. See Beverly J. Robinson, “Africanisms and the Study of Folklore,” in Africanisms in
American Culture, ed. Joseph E. Holloway (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,
1990), pp. 211–224.
29. See for example, Lorenzo Turner, op. cit.; Winifred Vass, op. cit.; Molefi Kete Asante,
“African Elements in African-American English,” in Africanisms in American Culture, ed.
Joseph Holloway, pp. 19–33.
30. Ibid.
31. See Norman Whitten and John Szwed, eds., op.cit.
32. Peter H.Wood, op. cit.
33. John Edward Philips,“The African Heritage of White America,” in Africanisms in Amer-
ican Culture, pp. 225–239.
34. See Sterling Stuckey, ed. The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism, p. 5.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., p. 48.
37. Quoted in Sterling Stuckey,“Through the Prism of Folklore:The Black ethos in Slav-
ery,” in Massachusetts Review 9 (Spring 1968), p. 427.