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Notes
119. See, for example, John Markakis,“Material and Social Aspects of National Conflict,” p.
279.
120. See, for example,Walker Connor, Ethnonationalism:The Quest for Understanding.
121. Ibid., p. 4.
122. Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, p. 3.
123. John Markakis, op. cit., p. 279.
124. See Amlicar Cabral, Unity and Struggle; Ronald H. Chilcote, Amlicar Cabral’s Revolu-
tionary Theory and Practice (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991).
125. Anthony Smith, Theories of Nationalism (New York: Harper and Row, 1971) p. 22.
126. Ibid.; Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Revival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1981); The Ethnic Origins of Nations; National Identity.
127. John Breuilly, op. cit.
128. Ibid., pp. 1–2.
129. Ibid., p. 35.
130. Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, p. 154.
131. Amilcar Cabral, op. cit., pp. 65–66. See also Amilcar Cabral, Revolution in Guinea, trans.
by R. Handyside (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969), p. 103.
132. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, pp. 1–2.
133. Elie Kedourie, Nationalism (London: Hutchinson, 1960).
134. For instance, Nagel suggests, “Two international factors contribute to ethnic conflict
and ethnic movements: ideology and competition. Ethnic movements find their legiti-
macy in the ideology of the global order; an ideology that embraces such conflicting
principles as, self-determination, sovereignty, territorial integrity, representative govern-
ment, and home rule. Ethnic movements find their material support in the marketplace
of inter-national competition, and major regional powers support dissident ethnic
groups as they compete for economic and geopolitical advantage in the global arena.”
Joane Nagel, op. cit. p. 103.
135. Amilcar Cabral, Return to the Source, p. 41.
136. Amilcar Cabral, Unity and Struggle, p. 143.
137. Amilcar Cabral, Return to the Source, p. 60.
138. Ibid., pp. 43–44, 68.
139. Gurutz J. Bereciartu, op. cit., p. 141.
140. See Arthur N.Waldron, “Theories of Nationalism”; Aviel Roshwald, “Untangling the
Knotted Cord: Studies of Nationalism,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 24, no. 2
(Autumn 1993), pp.293–303.
141. Theda Skocpol, Social Revolutions in the Modern World, p. 336.
Chapter II
1. Martin Luther King, Jr., Why We Can’t Wait (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), p. 80.
2. Malcolm X, Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements, ed. George Breitman
(New York: Pathfinder Press, 1976), p. 158.
3. I have made similar arguments on Black nationalism in my previous work. See Asafa
Jalata, “Two Freedom Movements Compared: The Cases of the Oromo and African
Americans,” The Oromo Commentary, vol. 2, no. 1 (1992), pp.13–16; A. Jalata, “African
American Nationalism, Development, and Afrocentricity: Implications for the Twenty-
First Century,” in Molefi Kete Asante and Afrocentricity: In Praise and in Criticism, ed.
Dhyana Ziegler (Nashville: James C.Winston, 1995), pp. 153–174.
4. See Leon Litwack and August Meier, Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century (Chicago:
University of Illinois Press, 1988);W. J. Moses, ed., The Gold Age of Black Nationalism,
1850–1925 (Hamden, Conn.: 1978);W. J. Moses, ed., Classical Black Nationalism (New