Page 173 - Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization

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Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization
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87. Julian B. Roebuck and Komanduri S. Murty, Historically Black Colleges and Universities:
Their Place in American Higher Education (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1993), p. 22.
88. E. Foner, Reconstruction:America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper
& Row, 1988), p. 198.
89. Julian B. Roebuck and K. S. Murty, op. cit., pp. 22, 28.
90. See Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Poor People’s Moments (New York: Pan-
theon, 1977); Jack M. Bloom, op. cit.
91. See Manning Marable, op. cit.; Julian B. Roebuck and K. S. Murty, op. cit.
92. See Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black
America, 1945–1990 2nd ed.(Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1991.)
93. J. B. Roebuck and K. S. Murty, ibid., p. 23.
94. Ibid., pp. 24–25.
95. Ibid., p. 25.
96. Ibid., pp. 32–33.
97. Martin Luther King, Jr., op. cit., p. 23.
98. Those whose grandfathers voted would be allowed to vote.This was intended to allow
all adult White males to vote and exclude Black men from voting since their grandfa-
thers were slaves and never voted.
99. For details, see Alferdteen Harrison, ed., Black Exodus:The Great Migration from the Amer-
ican South (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1991).
100. Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed
America (New York:Vintage Books, 1992), p. 6.
101. Alferdteen Harrison, op. cit., p. viii.
102. Neil R. McMillen,“The Migration and Black Protest in Jim Crow Mississippi,” in A.
Harrison, Black Exodus, p. 86.
103. Nicholas Lemann, The Promised Land, p. 5.
104. Lennox Yearwood, “National Afro-American Organizations in Urban Communities,”
Journal of Black Studies, vol. 8, no. 4 (June 1978), pp. 432–34.
105. See for example, Winston James, Holding Aloft Banner of Ethiopia (New York: Verso,
1998).
106. See August Meier and Elliot Rudwick,“Introduction,”Black Protest Thought, p.xix.
107. Kenneth B. Clark, Dark Ghetto: Dilemmas of Social Power (New York: Harper and Row,
1965), p. 11.
108. Nicholas Lemann, op.cit., p. 6.
109. Lennox Yearwood, op. cit., p. 424.
110. Anthony D. Smith, National Identity, p. 7.
111. Maulana Karenga, op. cit.
112. Nicholas Lemann, op. cit., p. 99.
113. James Turner, op. cit., p. 11.
114. See Clovis E. Semmes, op. cit.; S. Dale McLemore, Racial and Ethnic Relations in Amer-
ica (Boston:Allyn and Bacon, 1991), pp. 52–54.
115. Quoted in Earl Ofari, op. cit., p. 83.
116. Bernard M. Magubane, The Ties That Bind:African-American Consciousness of Africa (Tren-
ton, N.J.:Africa World Press, 1989), p. 55.
117. John H. Bracey,August Meier, and Elliot Rudwick, Black Nationalism, p.299.
118. See August Meier and Elliot Rudwick,“Introduction,” Black Protest Thought, p. xix.
119. According to Alain Locke,“Up to the present one may adequately describe the Negro’s
‘inner objectives’ as an attempt to repair a damaged group psychology and reshape a
warped social perspective.Their realization has required a new mentality for the Amer-
ican Negro.And as it matures we begin to see its effects; at first, negative, iconoclastic,
and then positive and constructive. In this new group psychology we note the lapse of
sentimental appeal, then the development of a more positive self-respect and self-