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156. See Shirley N.Weber,“Black Nationalism and Garveyist Influences,” The Western Jour-
nal of Black Studies, Winter 1979, pp. 263–266.
157. Ibid., p. 264.
158. B. M. Magubane, op. cit., p. 96.
159. See August Meier and E. Rudwick,“Introduction,” op. cit., p. xxxii.
160. E.Franklin Frazier,“The Garvey Movement,”Making of Black America, ed.August Meier
and Elliot Rudwick (New York:Atheneum, 1969), p. 207.
161. James Farmer, Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement (New
York:Arbor House, 1985).
162. Ibid.
163. Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement, pp. 28–30.
164. Ibid.
165. Ibid., pp. 54–55.
166. Martin Luther King, Jr., Strength to Love (New York: Pocket Books, 1964), p. 14.
167. Ibid.; Martin Luther King, Jr., Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community?(New
York: Harper & Row, 1967), p. 96; Stride Toward Freedom (New York: Perennial Library,
1964), p. 185.
168. See Ira G.Zepp,Jr.,The Social Vision of Martin Luther King,Jr. (New York:Carlson,1989).
169. See Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and Politics of
Empowerment (New York: Unwin Hyman, 1990).
170. August Meier and E. Rudwick,“Introduction,” p. xx.
171. Ibid.
172. Martin Luther King, Jr., Why We Can’t Wait (New York:A Mentor Book), p. 111.
173. Martin Luther King, Jr.,“A Testament of Hope,” Playboy, January 1969, p. 234.
174. Martin Luther King, Jr., Negro History Bulletin, May 1968, p. 15.
175. Quoted in Ira G. Zepp, Jr., op. cit., p. 213.
176. Martin Luther King, Jr.,“The Rising Tide of Racial Consciousness,” The YWCA Mag-
azine, December 1960.
177. Jack M. Bloom, op. cit., p. 143.
178. Martin Luther King, Jr., Why We Can’t Wait, p. 112.
179. Robert Allen,Reluctant Reformers:Racism and Social Reform Movements in the United States
(Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1983), p. 323.
180. Martin Luther King, Jr.,“The Last Major Political Speeches of Martin Luther King and
Eldridge Cleaver,” The Black Politician, July 1969, p. 4.
181. See Ira G. Zepp, Jr., The Social Vision of Martin Luther King, Jr., p. 54.
182. Martin Luther King, Jr.,“A Testament of Hope,” p. 231.
183. See Arnold Schuchter,White Power and Black Freedom: Planning the Future of Urban Amer-
ica (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), p. 569.
184. Martin Luther King, Jr.,“Honoring Dr. Du Bois,” Freedom Ways, Spring 1968, pp. 110-
111.
185. Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, p. 105.
186. Ibid., p. 113.
187. Eric C. Lincoln, The Black Muslims in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961), p. 98.
188. Ibid.; E. U. Essien-Udom, Black Nationalism:A Search for an Identity in America (Chicago:
The University of Chicago Press, 1962).
189. Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, p. 92.
190. Robert Allen, op. cit., p. 322.
191. William W. Sales, Jr., From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organiza-
tion of Afro-American Unity (Boston: South End Press, 1994), p. 42.
192. Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion, p. 55.
193. Quoted in William W. Sales, From Civil Rights to Black Liberation, p. 80.