Page 169 - Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization

•
Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization
160
York: New York University Press, 1996); H. Brotz, ed., African-American Social and Polit-
ical Thought 1850–1920 (London: Transaction Publishers, 1992).
5. Howard Brotz, ibid.
6. See Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (New York:William Morrow, 1967).
7. Anthony D. Smith, Nationalism in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Martin Robertson,
1979), p. 4.
8. See for example, James Turner, “Black Nationalism: The Inevitable Response,”Black
World (January 1971), pp. 5–13; Earl Ofari, “The Emergence of Black National Con-
sciousness in America,” Black World (January 1971), pp. 75–86; Rodney Carlisle,“Black
Nationalism:An Integral Tradition,” Black World (January 1973), pp. 4–11; Ronald Wal-
ters, “A Unifying Ideology: African-American Nationalism,” Black World (October
1973), pp. 9–26; Freddie C. Colston, “The Ideology of Black Power: An Assessment,”
The Western Journal of Black Studies, vol.3,no.4 (Winter 1979),pp.233–243;Aldon Dou-
glas Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for
Change (New York: Free Press, 1984); Gayle T.Tate,“Black Nationalism:An Angle of Vi-
sion,” The Western Journal of Black Studies, vol. 12, no. 1 (1983), pp. 40–48.
9. See for example,Aldon D. Morris, ibid.; Manning Marable, How Capitalism Underdevel-
oped Black America (Boston: South End Press, 1983); James Geschwender,“An Introduc-
tion to the Black Revolt,” in The Black Revolt, ed. J. Geschwender (Englewood Cliffs,
N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971); Rhoda Lois Blumberg, Civil Rights:The 1960 Freedom Strug-
gle (Boston:Twayne Publishers, 1991).
10. John Breuilly, Peter Alter, and E. J. Hobsbawm define nationalism as a form of politics
or a political program.Anthony D. Smith defines it as a cultural or a social movement.
See John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State (Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,
1987); E. J. Hobsbawm,“Ethnicity and Nationalism in Europe Today,” Anthropology, vol.
8, no. 4 (1992); Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (Reno:The University of Nevada
Press, 1991); Peter Alter, Nationalism, trans. Stuart Amckinnon-Evans (London: Edward
Arnold, 1989).
11. See W. J. Moses, op. cit.
12. Blumberg states,“The aim of desegregation or integration . . . was not to foster inter-
marriage or social ‘mixing’ but to insure equal access to such basic rights as seats on
buses, education, the vote, and fair trials when accused.” Rhoda Lois Blumberg, op. cit.,
p. 2.
13. Anthony D. Smith,The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), p. 157.
14. Walker Connor notes that “many diverse attitudes and goals are cloaked under the
single rubric of black nationalism.”Walker Connor,Ethnonationalism (Princeton:Prince-
ton University Press, 1994), p. 49.
15. August Meier and Elliot Rudwick,“Introduction,” in Black Protest Thought in the Twen-
tieth Century ed.A. Meier, E. Rudwick, and Francis L. Broderick (New York: Macmil-
lan, 1985).
16. Clovis E. Semmes, Cultural Hegemony and African American Development (Westport,
Conn.: Praeger, 1992), p. 11.
17. Ibid.
18. Fishman states that African Americans “were denied [freedom and equality] by a rapa-
cious colonial system of mercantile capitalism, which relied on the brutalities of the
primitive accumulation of wealth backed up by ruthless armed action. This wealth
played a strategic role in the amassing of capital for the rise of industrial capitalism.”
George Fishman, The African American Struggle for Freedom and Equality (New York: Gar-
land, 1997), p. 3.
19. Sterling Stuckey, Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 3.